The common name “laurel” is a source of significant confusion because it applies to numerous plants from entirely different botanical families. This broad usage means that a plant called “laurel” in one region may be completely unrelated to one bearing the same name elsewhere, sharing only the general appearance of glossy, evergreen foliage. Understanding the term requires differentiating between the true, culinary laurel and the many other species that have adopted the name. This distinction is important because some of the misnamed varieties carry significant toxicity concerns.
The Original: Bay Laurel
The plant considered the true laurel is Laurus nobilis, commonly known as Bay Laurel or Sweet Bay. Native to the Mediterranean region, this slow-growing evergreen tree or shrub is the source of the aromatic bay leaf used globally in cooking. The dark green leaves are leathery, elliptical, and release a pungent, slightly bitter aroma when crushed, which is distinct from other plants sharing the name. They are typically added whole to stews, soups, and sauces to impart a woody, peppery flavor, and are removed before serving.
The Bay Laurel holds a deep historical significance that links it to ancient Mediterranean cultures. In both ancient Greece and Rome, wreaths woven from its branches symbolized victory, honor, and accomplishment. The term “laureate,” as in Poet Laureate, directly derives from this practice of crowning respected individuals with laurel foliage. Culturally, this species is considered non-toxic and is widely used for culinary and ornamental purposes in mild climates.
Common Misnomers and Toxic Varieties
The widespread use of the common name “laurel” extends to many species that are not in the Laurus genus, and these often contain potent toxins. Two prominent examples are Mountain Laurel and Cherry Laurel, neither of which is safe for consumption. The North American native Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is a flowering shrub that is highly toxic due to the presence of grayanotoxins in all parts of the plant, including the nectar. Ingestion of this plant can lead to a severe reaction in humans and livestock, causing symptoms like gastrointestinal distress, abnormal heart rate, and convulsions.
Another common misnomer is the ornamental Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), a popular choice for dense hedging in many landscapes. This species belongs to the same genus as plums and cherries, and its toxicity stems from cyanogenic glycosides. When the leaves or seeds are chewed or crushed, these compounds hydrolyze to release hydrogen cyanide, also known as prussic acid. A simple way to distinguish this from true Bay Laurel is by crushing a leaf; Cherry Laurel releases a faint aroma of almonds or maraschino cherries, which indicates the presence of these toxic compounds.
Key Characteristics and Growing Conditions
Despite their botanical differences, the various plants called “laurel” are often grouped due to their shared evergreen nature and suitability for shaping. Most laurels thrive best in rich, well-drained soil, though many varieties are adaptable to different conditions. They generally prefer a location that receives full sun to partial shade, which encourages dense foliage growth. Heavy clay soils that retain too much moisture can be detrimental, so amending the soil with compost or grit helps ensure proper drainage.
The slow-growing nature of true Bay Laurel makes it an excellent candidate for container cultivation, especially in colder regions where it can be moved indoors during winter months. Many laurels respond well to regular pruning, which is necessary to maintain a desired shape, such as a formal topiary or a dense privacy hedge. The dense, glossy leaves characterize these plants, making them valued as year-round screens and attractive garden features.