The “jumping cactus” is a common name that sparks curiosity due to its unusual defense mechanism. This term refers to certain species of cholla cacti, particularly Cylindropuntia fulgida, also known as the chain fruit cholla. While the plant does not literally propel itself, its unique characteristics make it seem as though it “jumps” onto unsuspecting passersby. This article examines its physical traits, the biological reasons for its cling, its natural habitat, and ways to manage encounters with its spines.
Understanding the “Jumping” Cactus
The jumping cactus, Cylindropuntia fulgida, is a type of cholla cactus known for its physical features. It grows as a multi-branched shrub or small tree, often reaching heights of 6 to 13 feet, with a woody trunk and a wide, spreading crown. Its stems are light green, cylindrical, and segmented, appearing bumpy due to small, wart-like projections called tubercles. These segments can measure up to 9.2 inches long and 1.4 inches wide.
Its leaves are modified into dense, barbed spines, typically 6 to 12 growing from each areole (a small, cushion-like area on the stem). Young spines are silvery-yellow (0.75 to 1.16 inches long), darkening to gray with age. Papery sheaths encase these spines, giving the plant a fuzzy or silvery appearance. Its fruit is a defining characteristic, forming long, green, pear-shaped chains that can persist for several years, with new fruits developing on top of older ones. This unique fruiting habit gives it the name chain fruit cholla.
The Mechanism Behind the “Jump”
The cactus appears to “jump” because its stem segments detach easily upon contact. These segments break off readily from the main plant, even with a slight brush. This detachment is a survival mechanism, allowing the cactus to “hitch a ride” on animals or clothing for dispersal.
Once a segment detaches, its spines, known as glochids, firmly latch onto skin, fur, or fabric. Glochids are tiny, hair-like structures with microscopic, backward-facing barbs, resembling fishhooks. Their barbed structure makes them difficult to remove once embedded, creating the sensation that the cactus segment has “jumped” onto an individual. This easy detachment and cling serves as a primary method of propagation, as detached segments can root and grow into new plants, helping the species spread.
Where Jumping Cacti Grow
The jumping cactus is native to the arid environments of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its range includes the Sonoran Desert (Arizona, California), the Mexican states of Sonora and Sinaloa, and the northeast Mojave Desert (southern Nevada, Utah).
This cactus thrives in hot, dry conditions, typically at elevations ranging from about 980 to 3,280 feet. It can be found in various desert terrains, including sandy flats, rocky slopes, desert washes, and rolling hillsides. The plant’s ability to store water in its thick, fleshy stems allows it to endure prolonged periods of drought, well-suited to these challenging desert ecosystems.
Dealing With Jumping Cactus Spines
Caution is required when encountering a jumping cactus due to its easily detachable, barbed spines. To minimize risk, wear protective clothing (long pants and sleeves) in areas where these cacti grow. If a segment or spines become embedded, avoid direct contact with bare hands; this can push glochids deeper or spread them.
For larger segments, use a comb or pliers: slide the comb’s teeth between the skin and the cactus segment, then gently lift or flick it away. For smaller, embedded glochids, use tweezers. Duct tape or white glue applied to the affected area, allowed to dry, and then peeled off can also extract numerous tiny barbs. After removal, clean the area with soap and water to prevent irritation or infection.