The javelina, correctly known as the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), is a medium-sized mammal native exclusively to the Americas. Often mistaken for a wild pig, this animal belongs to a separate family that evolved independently in the Western Hemisphere. Javelinas are highly adaptable, inhabiting a wide range that stretches from the Southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) down through Central America to northern Argentina. They thrive in diverse environments, from arid scrublands and deserts to tropical forests. The name “javelina” is a Spanish word meaning “javelin,” referencing their sharp, straight tusks.
Physical Appearance and Classification
The collared peccary possesses a stout, compact body, typically measuring about 3 to 4 feet in length and standing roughly 2 feet tall at the shoulder. Adults generally weigh between 35 and 60 pounds, with a coarse coat of grizzled gray and black hair. The most distinguishing feature is a band of lighter, whitish hair that encircles the neck and shoulders, resembling a collar.
A significant biological distinction separates the javelina from true pigs and feral hogs, which belong to the family Suidae. Javelinas are classified within the family Tayassuidae, a group that diverged millions of years ago. Unlike the curved tusks of a wild boar, the javelina’s canine teeth are short, straight, and sharp, often protruding from the jaw. They also possess only three toes on their hind feet, compared to the four found on a true pig.
Social Structure and Natural Habitat
Javelinas are intensely social creatures that live in stable, cohesive family groups, commonly referred to as herds or squadrons. These groups usually consist of 6 to 20 individuals, though larger aggregations have been documented. The herd dynamic is crucial for defense against predators, territory maintenance, and social interaction.
Their preferred habitats in the U.S. Southwest are desert washes, thorn scrub, and dry grasslands, utilizing dense vegetation for cover. Javelinas are primarily active during the cooler parts of the day, making them crepuscular, with peak activity at dawn and dusk. They adapt their behavior during intense midday heat by resting in the shade of dense cover or rocky overhangs to regulate their body temperature.
Diet and Distinctive Biological Features
The collared peccary is an omnivore, though its diet is heavily plant-based, consisting mainly of roots, tubers, beans, and seeds. A major part of their sustenance in arid regions comes from succulent plants, particularly the prickly pear cactus, which they consume spines and all due to their tough palates. They will also opportunistically forage for insects, small vertebrates, and carrion to supplement their plant intake.
A unique biological characteristic is the prominent dorsal scent gland located on their rump, which is responsible for a strong, musky odor. This gland releases a powerful musk used for communication, including marking the boundaries of their territory against other herds. Herd members use this scent to recognize each other, often rubbing their heads against the gland of a group mate in a form of social bonding.
Guidelines for Safe Human Encounters
Javelinas are not inherently aggressive but will defend themselves, their young, or their territory if they feel threatened or cornered. A particular point of conflict is the presence of dogs, which javelinas perceive as natural predators like coyotes, leading to defensive attacks where pets can be seriously injured. To prevent attracting them to residential areas, eliminate easy food sources, such as fallen fruit, pet food left outdoors, and unsecured garbage containers.
If an encounter occurs, remain calm and create noise by yelling or clapping to encourage the animal to leave. Never attempt to feed javelinas, as this causes them to lose their natural fear of humans and increases the likelihood of conflict. If a javelina is blocking a path, retreat slowly and avoid cornering it, as defensive behaviors include teeth clacking and charging.