Buffalo are highly social ungulates that gather in large numbers as a defining characteristic of their ecology and survival strategy. These large bovids, whether roaming the African savanna or the North American plains, depend on their group structure for safety and foraging success. The specific terminology used to describe a collection of these powerful animals is often surprising or debated.
The Specific Collective Nouns
The most widely accepted collective noun for a group of buffalo is a “herd.” This term applies across all species and is the standard terminology used by wildlife biologists.
The English language also offers several more evocative terms. One unique term is an “obstinacy” of buffalo, often used specifically for the African Cape buffalo. This name derives from their reputation for stubbornness and their unwavering, coordinated defense strategy. A “gang” is another less common but accepted term, typically referencing a smaller grouping. A “troop” is also sometimes used.
Buffalo Versus Bison Clarification
Confusion often arises because the North American species is widely called the American buffalo, though it is scientifically classified as a bison (Bison bison). True buffalo belong to the genera Syncerus (African Cape buffalo) and Bubalus (Asian Water buffalo). The two groups are biologically distinct, belonging to different genera within the Bovidae family.
Physical Differences
The American Bison has a pronounced shoulder hump, which is absent in true buffalo species. Bison also sport thick, shaggy coats and prominent beards, while African and Asian buffalo have finer, thinner coats.
The shape of the horns is another clear differentiator. Bison have relatively short, sharp horns that curve upward. The African Cape buffalo is known for its massive, fused horns that form a continuous bony shield, called a boss. Asian Water buffalo have long, arcing, crescent-shaped horns. The term “herd” applies to both bison and true buffalo.
Group Behavior and Social Structure
Group formation is a sophisticated behavior driven by defense and resource management. Buffalo herds typically operate under a matriarchal structure, where older cows dictate the group’s movement, foraging, and decision-making. Core groups consist of related females, their calves, and sub-adults, forming a stable social unit.
Male dynamics vary seasonally. Dominant bulls join the mixed-sex group during the breeding season, known as the rut. Outside of this period, bulls often segregate into smaller, age-related bachelor groups. The dominance hierarchy among bulls is determined by age and size, with older, larger individuals having priority access to resources and mating opportunities.
The group acts as a unified defense mechanism against large predators like lions or wolves. When threatened, the group tightens its formation, sheltering the young and vulnerable in the center while adult males position themselves on the flanks and rear. This cooperative defense, which can involve a concerted charge or mobbing of the predator, is significantly more effective than individual resistance.