The term “double-jointed” is often used to describe individuals with unusual flexibility, particularly in their elbows. This expression is a misnomer, as it does not mean a person has extra joints. Instead, it refers to joint hypermobility, where a joint possesses a greater range of motion than is typically expected. This increased flexibility can allow the elbow to extend beyond a straight line.
What Does “Double Jointed” Really Mean?
Elbow hypermobility describes a condition where the joint can move through an extended range of motion, often bending backward past a normal straight position. This is not due to additional bones or joints, but rather stems from increased laxity in the ligaments and connective tissues that naturally stabilize the joint. The elbow is a hinge joint, formed by the humerus (upper arm bone) connecting with the ulna and radius (forearm bones). Ligaments, such as the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), hold these bones together and provide stability. In individuals with hypermobility, these ligaments are more relaxed or elastic, allowing the joint to extend further than usual.
Why Do Some Elbows Hyperextend?
The primary factor contributing to joint hypermobility in the elbow is genetic predisposition. This inherited trait affects the composition and elasticity of the body’s connective tissues, particularly collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength to joints, ligaments, and tendons. Variations in the genetic coding for collagen can lead to a less rigid and more elastic structure, resulting in looser ligaments. This increased flexibility often runs in families. Conditions like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) and Marfan Syndrome are examples of genetic disorders involving connective tissue abnormalities that often present with joint hypermobility.
When Hypermobility Becomes a Concern
While many individuals with hypermobile elbows experience no issues and may find the flexibility advantageous, it can become a concern for others. Symptoms can arise due to increased movement and reduced stability within the joint. Pain is a common complaint, often resulting from overuse or the joint moving beyond its stable limits. Individuals might also report instability or looseness in the elbow, along with clicking or popping sounds during movement.
Reduced joint stability can increase the likelihood of injuries such as sprains, strains, or dislocations. Another concern related to elbow hypermobility is nerve irritation, particularly involving the ulnar nerve. This nerve passes through a groove on the inside of the elbow and can be stretched or compressed if the joint hyperextends, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand and fingers, a condition known as cubital tunnel syndrome.
Living with Elbow Hypermobility
For individuals experiencing symptoms from elbow hypermobility, several non-invasive strategies can help manage the condition and improve joint function. Strengthening the muscles surrounding the elbow joint is a primary approach, as stronger muscles can compensate for lax ligaments by providing greater stability. This includes exercises targeting the biceps, triceps, and forearm muscles. Physical therapy plays an important role in developing a personalized exercise program.
Physical therapists often recommend isometric exercises, where muscles are contracted without moving the joint, to build strength safely. Low-impact strengthening and exercises that improve proprioception (the body’s awareness of its position in space) are also beneficial. It is important to practice awareness to avoid hyperextension during daily activities and exercise, focusing on controlled movements. Seeking medical consultation is advisable if persistent pain, significant joint instability, or neurological symptoms like numbness or tingling occur.