Dimethylglycine (DMG) is a biologically active molecule and a naturally occurring derivative of the simplest amino acid, glycine. As a supplement, DMG is marketed for its potential to support various physiological functions by participating in the body’s fundamental metabolic processes.
Defining Dimethylglycine (DMG)
Dimethylglycine is a tertiary amino acid found naturally in plant and animal cells. It functions as a metabolic intermediate rather than a traditional amino acid used in protein synthesis. DMG is present in trace amounts in common food sources like beans, cereal grains, pumpkin seeds, and liver.
DMG is produced during the breakdown of choline and betaine (TMG) as part of the body’s normal metabolic cascade. Although historically mislabeled as “Vitamin B15” or pangamic acid, DMG is not considered an essential nutrient or a true vitamin because the human body synthesizes it and no deficiency disease is associated with it.
The Role of DMG in Metabolic Pathways
DMG’s primary function centers around its involvement in the one-carbon metabolism cycle, acting as a methyl donor intermediary. DMG contains two methyl groups, which it sheds through enzymatic action as it converts into monomethylglycine (sarcosine) and then into glycine.
This breakdown releases a methyl group available for numerous biochemical reactions. DMG is produced when betaine (TMG) donates a methyl group to homocysteine, forming methionine via the enzyme betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Methionine is then converted into S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the body’s universal methyl donor for processes like DNA and protein methylation. By regenerating methionine, DMG indirectly supports SAMe production and the efficiency of methylation and detoxification pathways.
Common Uses and Scientific Research Status
Consumers take DMG supplements primarily for energy, immune function, and neurological support. The rationale stems from its role in the methylation cycle, which is essential for synthesizing biological molecules, including neurotransmitters and antibodies.
A long-standing claim is DMG’s ability to enhance athletic performance and endurance by improving oxygen utilization and reducing lactic acid buildup. Research in this area remains inconclusive, with no definitive scientific evidence from large-scale human clinical trials supporting its efficacy as a performance enhancer.
DMG is also promoted for supporting immune function, with preliminary studies suggesting it may act as an immunomodulator. This includes the potential to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, such as increasing antibody and lymphocyte production. However, the available human data is limited and contains conflicting results, meaning this effect has not been confirmed in clinical settings.
Claims regarding neurological and cognitive benefits, including support for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and epilepsy, are widespread. The theoretical link is that DMG’s influence on the folate and methylation cycles may improve neuronal signaling. Despite these links, clinical trials for these conditions have generally yielded mixed or insufficient evidence, and a systematic review of supplements for ASD found no conclusive effects.
Dosage Guidelines and Safety Profile
Dimethylglycine is generally considered safe for short-term use, though long-term safety data is not well established. The compound is typically well-tolerated, with very few reported side effects, usually minor, such as mild gastrointestinal upset or nausea.
Specific dosage recommendations vary widely depending on the manufacturer and intended use. A typical starting dose mentioned in studies and product labels is often around 125 mg taken once daily. Some regimens suggest increasing the dosage up to 300 mg every two to four hours during periods of heavy stress, though this is not a universal standard.
Individuals who are pregnant or nursing should avoid DMG supplements due to insufficient reliable safety information. Given the limited standardization and lack of robust clinical trials, consulting a healthcare professional before beginning supplementation is advisable.