A dental scaler is a specialized instrument used by dental professionals to remove deposits from the surface of teeth, both above and below the gum line. The primary targets are plaque, a soft, sticky film of bacteria, and calculus (tartar), which is the hardened form of plaque. Scaling is a preventative procedure that removes these deposits, which cannot be eliminated by regular brushing and flossing alone. By mechanically clearing the tooth surface, the scaler helps maintain the health of the teeth and supporting gum structures.
Manual Versus Ultrasonic Scalers
Dental professionals utilize two main categories of scalers: manual and ultrasonic instruments. Manual scalers, often called hand scalers or curettes, are thin, hook-like metal tools designed to scrape accumulated plaque and calculus directly off the tooth surface. These instruments require a high degree of skill and precision from the hygienist, who uses controlled force and specific strokes to detach deposits. Manual scaling is often preferred for precision work, such as fine-tuning after bulk removal or cleaning delicate areas like dental restorations.
Ultrasonic scalers utilize high-frequency vibrations to shatter hard calculus. These devices operate at ultrasonic frequencies, typically ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 cycles per second, causing the tip to vibrate rapidly against the tooth surface. A constant stream of water is simultaneously emitted at the tip to cool the instrument and flush away debris. This water also creates microscopic bubbles that disrupt bacterial cell walls through a process called cavitation. Ultrasonic scalers are generally faster and more efficient at removing heavy, large deposits compared to manual instruments. Many cleanings use a combination approach, starting with the ultrasonic scaler for bulk removal and finishing with manual instruments for detailed smoothing.
The Purpose of Professional Scaling
Professional dental scaling is necessary because plaque, if not removed daily, mineralizes into calculus (tartar). This deposit cannot be removed with a toothbrush or floss, requiring mechanical removal by a dental professional. Calculus creates a rough surface that attracts more plaque and bacteria, establishing a foothold for ongoing infection.
The goal of scaling is to remove both supragingival (above the gum line) and subgingival (below the gum line) calculus and plaque. Removal of deposits from beneath the gum line is especially important because it is here that bacteria cause inflammation, a condition known as gingivitis. If gingivitis is left untreated, the chronic presence of bacterial toxins can lead to periodontitis, a more advanced form of gum disease.
Periodontitis causes the gums to pull away from the tooth, forming pockets that allow bacteria to travel deeper. This process damages the bone and connective tissue supporting the tooth. Scaling, often combined with root planing to smooth the tooth root surface, eliminates the bacteria and hardened deposits within these pockets. This cleaning helps reduce inflammation, prevents gum recession, and lowers the risk of tooth loss associated with severe gum disease.
Why Self-Scaling Is Not Recommended
Although professional dental scalers are available for purchase, using them at home is discouraged due to the risk of causing irreversible damage. These tools feature sharp points and edges designed for precise, professional-level use, not for untrained hands. Dental hygienists undergo extensive training, typically two years or more, to master the technique, pressure, and anatomy required to use these instruments safely.
Improper at-home use can easily scratch the tooth enamel, weakening the tooth structure and increasing sensitivity. The sharp tip can also cause trauma to the delicate gum tissue, leading to injury, bleeding, and gum recession. Incorrect scaling can push calculus and bacteria deeper below the gum line into periodontal pockets, potentially triggering severe infections or abscesses. Professional tools also require specific sterilization protocols to prevent the transfer of bacteria, a step that cannot be reliably replicated at home.