Understanding Conjunctivitis
The common phrase “cold in your eye” typically refers to conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva. This transparent membrane lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball. When inflamed, the tiny blood vessels within it swell, making the eye appear red or pink.
This condition frequently stems from infections or allergic reactions, leading to noticeable changes in the eye’s appearance and comfort. While often not a severe health concern, it can cause significant irritation and, in some cases, may be contagious. It is quite common and generally presents as an irritation rather than a threat to vision, though certain forms can be more serious.
Identifying the Underlying Causes
Conjunctivitis can stem from viral, bacterial, and allergic types. Viral conjunctivitis, often associated with a common cold, is typically caused by adenoviruses. This form commonly leads to symptoms such as excessive watering of the eye, a gritty sensation, and redness, frequently starting in one eye before spreading to the other. It is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with eye secretions.
Bacterial conjunctivitis results from bacterial infections, with common culprits including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. This type often produces a thick, yellowish or greenish discharge that can cause the eyelids to stick together. While it may affect one or both eyes, it is also highly contagious and can spread through contaminated hands or shared items.
Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the eyes react to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Unlike the infectious forms, this type is not contagious and is characterized by intense itching, redness, and watery discharge, often affecting both eyes simultaneously. Individuals with other allergic conditions, like hay fever or asthma, are more prone to developing allergic conjunctivitis.
Managing and Treating the Condition
Managing conjunctivitis involves approaches tailored to its underlying cause. For all types, applying a clean, cool or warm compress to the affected eye can help alleviate discomfort and reduce swelling. It is also important to avoid wearing contact lenses until symptoms resolve and to refrain from rubbing the eyes, which can worsen irritation or spread infection.
Viral conjunctivitis is a self-limiting condition that typically resolves on its own within one to three weeks. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, such as artificial tears to relieve dryness and irritation. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections and should not be used in these cases.
Bacterial conjunctivitis may improve without antibiotics, but topical antibiotic eye drops or ointments are often prescribed to shorten the duration of infection and reduce the risk of spread. Common antibiotic treatments include erythromycin or polymyxin B with trimethoprim. For allergic conjunctivitis, treatment involves avoiding the specific allergen and using over-the-counter or prescription antihistamine eye drops to reduce itching and redness.
Preventing Spread and Knowing When to Seek Care
Preventing the spread of contagious conjunctivitis (viral and bacterial types) relies on diligent hygiene practices. Regular and thorough handwashing with soap and water is paramount, especially after touching the eyes or face. Individuals should avoid touching or rubbing their eyes and refrain from sharing personal items like towels, pillowcases, or eye makeup.
While many cases of conjunctivitis are mild and resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical evaluation. Seek professional care if there is severe eye pain, blurred vision, increased sensitivity to light, or intense redness that worsens. Also seek care if symptoms do not improve after a few days, or if there is a concern about a foreign object in the eye.