Fibroids are common non-cancerous growths that can develop in the uterus. While many people are familiar with uterine fibroids, a distinct type known as cervical fibroids can also occur. This article provides information about cervical fibroids, including their nature, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.
What Are Cervical Fibroids?
Cervical fibroids are non-cancerous growths composed of muscle and fibrous tissue, similar to other types of fibroids. These growths develop in the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. While uterine fibroids, which grow in the main body of the uterus, are prevalent, cervical fibroids are significantly less common, accounting for 1% to 5% of all uterine fibroids.
These fibroids vary in size, from small nodules to large masses that can distort the cervix. Their location within the cervix can also differ, affecting whether they protrude into the vaginal canal or grow within the cervical wall. Despite their benign nature, their presence and size can sometimes lead to health concerns.
Understanding Causes and Symptoms
The exact causes of cervical fibroids, like other fibroids, are not fully understood, but several factors contribute to their development. Hormonal influences, particularly estrogen and progesterone, play a role, as these hormones promote the growth of fibroid cells. Genetic predisposition is a factor; a family history of fibroids may increase risk. Age can also be a contributing factor, with fibroids developing during the reproductive years.
Cervical fibroids can manifest a range of symptoms, though some individuals may experience no symptoms, especially if the fibroids are small. Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding is a common symptom, which can sometimes lead to anemia. Pelvic pain or pressure is another common symptom, which may be felt in the lower abdomen or back.
Depending on their size and location, cervical fibroids can also cause painful intercourse (dyspareunia). If a fibroid presses on the bladder, it can lead to urinary issues such as frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder. A large cervical fibroid might obstruct the birth canal, complicating pregnancy or delivery.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosing cervical fibroids begins with a pelvic exam, during which a healthcare provider may feel an enlarged or irregularly shaped cervix. Imaging techniques are then used to confirm the presence of fibroids and assess their size and location. Transvaginal ultrasound is a common initial imaging method, providing detailed views of the cervix and surrounding structures. Abdominal ultrasound may also be used.
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be recommended for a more detailed assessment, especially if ultrasound results are inconclusive or if surgical planning is necessary. These diagnostic steps help distinguish cervical fibroids from other cervical conditions and guide management decisions.
The management of cervical fibroids varies depending on the fibroid’s size, symptom severity, individual’s age, and desire for future fertility. For small, asymptomatic fibroids, a “watchful waiting” approach involves regular monitoring to track changes. Medical management, including hormonal therapies, can help alleviate symptoms such as heavy bleeding, though these treatments do not eliminate the fibroids.
Surgical intervention is considered for larger or symptomatic fibroids. A myomectomy, which involves surgically removing the fibroid while preserving the uterus, is a common option for individuals who wish to maintain fertility. For large fibroids, severe symptoms, or when fertility preservation is not a concern, a hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus, may be recommended. The choice of management is individualized to provide appropriate and effective care.