The common name “brown snake” causes significant confusion, referring to two completely different groups of snakes located on separate continents. This term describes species ranging from one of the world’s most dangerously venomous snakes to a completely harmless, garden-dwelling reptile. Identifying which snake an individual has encountered depends on geography and specific features. This article clarifies the distinction between these two groups.
Resolving the Terminology: Two Major Groups
The highly charged reputation of the “brown snake” belongs to the genus Pseudonaja, a group of venomous snakes native to Australia and southern New Guinea. Species like the Eastern Brown Snake (Pseudonaja textilis) are among the most medically significant snakes globally. The completely benign North American species is classified under the genus Storeria, most commonly the DeKay’s Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi). This small, non-venomous colubrid is found across the United States, Canada, and parts of Mexico. Geographic location is the critical first clue to identification, as the dangerous and harmless species do not share a native range.
Characteristics of the Highly Venomous Brown Snakes
Australian brown snakes are known for their slender build, reaching lengths up to two meters, though most are around 1.5 meters long. Coloration is highly variable, ranging from pale tan or reddish-brown to nearly black, sometimes with darker bands or a light underside. They thrive in diverse habitats, including farmlands and urban outskirts, often preying on rodents. The venom of the Pseudonaja genus is highly potent. This complex venom primarily acts as a procoagulant, rapidly causing the blood to clot throughout the body, leading to venom-induced consumption coagulopathy. The venom also contains neurotoxins that can cause paralysis. When cornered, these snakes display a characteristic defensive posture, raising their forebody in an S-shape with a flattened neck, ready to strike.
Characteristics of the Harmless American Brown Snake
The North American brown snake, or DeKay’s Brown Snake, is a small, secretive species rarely exceeding 33 centimeters (13 inches) in length. Its body is typically dull grayish-brown or tan, often featuring a lighter stripe down the center of its back. This stripe is commonly bordered by two parallel rows of small, dark spots. These snakes possess keeled scales, which have a raised ridge down the center, giving them a rough texture. They are non-venomous and non-aggressive, preferring to hide beneath leaf litter, rocks, logs, or garden debris. Their diet consists of soft-bodied invertebrates, such as earthworms, slugs, and snails. Their ability to thrive in urban and suburban environments often makes them the most common snake encountered by residents.
Encountering a Brown Snake: Safety Protocols
When encountering any snake whose identity is uncertain, maintain a safe distance. Do not attempt to approach, handle, or provoke the animal, as even non-venomous species may bite defensively. If the snake is found in a yard or home, contact a professional removal service for safe relocation. If a person is bitten, especially in a region known for venomous species like Australia, immediate medical attention is necessary. The priority is to keep the victim calm and still to slow venom movement through the lymphatic system. A pressure immobilization bandage should be firmly applied to the affected limb, starting from the bite site and extending upward, ensuring blood circulation is not cut off. Never attempt to wash the bite, cut the wound, or suck out the venom, as these actions are ineffective and can cause further harm.