A bite splint, also called an occlusal splint or night guard, is a removable dental appliance that fits over the biting surfaces of the upper or lower teeth. This custom-fitted device creates a physical barrier between the arches, providing both protective and therapeutic functions for the mouth, jaw joints, and surrounding muscles. Typically made of a clear, durable material, a dentist prescribes the splint to manage symptoms caused by excessive force on the teeth and jaw. Its primary goal is to stabilize the bite and reduce strain on the entire chewing system.
Defining Bite Splints and Their Purpose
Bite splints are frequently indicated for people who suffer from bruxism, the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, often occurring during sleep. This habit causes significant damage, including the wearing down of tooth enamel, tooth sensitivity, and fractures. The splint acts as a shock absorber, protecting natural teeth and dental restorations from the intense forces generated by clenching and grinding.
The device is also a therapeutic tool for managing symptoms associated with Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorders. By separating the teeth, the splint distributes biting pressure evenly across the dental arch, preventing concentrated force on the jaw joint. This distribution allows the masticatory muscles (chewing muscles) to relax and reduces pressure on the temporomandibular joint itself.
The mechanism of action is partly neurological, preventing the teeth from fully locking together and disrupting habitual muscle activity. This encourages the jaw to settle into a comfortable, neutral, and relaxed position. Reducing this muscle tension helps alleviate chronic headaches, facial pain, and jaw joint soreness.
Different Types of Bite Splints
Bite splints vary in material composition and fit, which dictates their function and effectiveness. The most common and effective type is the custom-made stabilization splint, typically fabricated from hard, rigid acrylic. These prescription devices cover all the teeth on one arch, providing a precise fit and a flat surface for the opposing teeth to contact. The hard material ensures durability and allows for accurate adjustments to achieve a stable bite position.
Softer splints, often made from flexible vinyl or polymer, are generally reserved for minor teeth grinding or temporary solutions. While initially comfortable, soft materials can sometimes encourage patients to chew on them, potentially increasing muscle activity. Over-the-counter options, such as boil-and-bite guards, lack the precise, custom fit of a professionally made splint. A poor fit can cause unwanted tooth movement or fail to provide necessary joint support, making the custom-fitted, hard acrylic stabilization splint the preferred therapeutic option for long-term management.
The Process of Getting and Using a Bite Splint
The process of obtaining a custom bite splint begins with a dental examination to determine the cause of symptoms. The dentist takes accurate impressions or digital scans of the teeth and bite. These records are sent to a specialized dental laboratory, which fabricates the appliance, usually from hard acrylic.
A second appointment is required for the initial fitting and adjustment, where the dentist modifies the splint’s biting surface to ensure even contact with the opposing teeth. Follow-up appointments are often necessary to fine-tune the fit as jaw muscles relax and the bite changes slightly. Consistent nightly wear is the typical recommendation.
Proper daily care is necessary to maintain the splint’s integrity and prevent bacterial buildup. The appliance must be cleaned immediately after removal using a soft toothbrush and non-abrasive soap or a specialized cleaner. Avoid using standard toothpaste, which is too abrasive and can scratch the material. After cleaning, the splint should be rinsed and stored in its protective case in a dry environment to prevent warping.