The basilisk lizard, a reptile native to the tropical rainforests of Central and South America, belongs to the genus Basiliscus. These lizards are found primarily near rivers and streams throughout their range, thriving with specialized behaviors in their environment.
Distinctive Physical Characteristics
Basilisk lizards have physical traits aiding their survival. Many species are green or brown, with patterns providing camouflage among foliage and tree bark. Males typically possess prominent crests on their heads, backs, and sometimes their tails, which are less developed or absent in females and juveniles. These crests play a role in display, particularly during courtship or territorial interactions.
Their bodies are slender, aiding agility on land and in water. Their long, whip-like tail comprises 70% to 75% of their total length. Their hind limbs are noticeably longer and more powerful than their forelimbs, a characteristic linked to their distinctive locomotion.
The Unique Water-Running Ability
The basilisk lizard’s most recognized attribute is its remarkable ability to run across water, earning it the nickname “Jesus Christ Lizard.” This feat is an escape mechanism, allowing them to evade predators. Their specialized hind feet have fringed toes that spread out upon impact with the water, increasing surface area.
When running on water, the lizard maintains an upright, bipedal posture. Each rapid step involves a “slap” phase where the foot hits the water, a “stroke” phase where it pushes downward, generating an air cavity, and a “recovery” phase where the foot is quickly pulled out before the cavity collapses. This rapid foot movement, combined with their light body weight and air pockets, generates enough force to keep them momentarily above the surface. Smaller and lighter basilisks are more proficient at this water-running, covering distances of several meters, while larger adults may sink sooner. The tail acts as a counterbalance, stabilizing the lizard during its high-speed dash across the water.
Habitat and Daily Life
Basilisk lizards inhabit tropical rainforests, favoring areas near streams, rivers, and other freshwater bodies. They can be found from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America, at lower elevations. These lizards are largely diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, often seen basking in sunny spots or foraging for food.
Their diet is omnivorous and varied, consisting mainly of insects such as beetles and dragonflies, but also including small vertebrates like fish, frogs, and some plant matter like fruits and flowers. Basilisks are also semi-arboreal, spending much time in trees. They often climb into branches overhanging water, providing a vantage point for foraging and a quick escape route by dropping into the water if threatened. At night, they retreat to tree branches to sleep, minimizing exposure to ground-dwelling predators.