Paraquat dichloride, commonly referred to as paraquat, is a highly effective chemical used primarily in large-scale agriculture across the United States. This synthetic compound functions as a fast-acting, non-selective contact herbicide, quickly killing all green plant tissue it touches. It is also utilized as a desiccant, drying out crops like cotton or potatoes before harvest. Because of its extreme toxicity, which makes a single sip potentially fatal, its identification and regulatory status are strictly controlled by law.
Commercial Products Containing Paraquat
The active ingredient, paraquat dichloride salt, is formulated into various concentrations and sold under numerous commercial names by different manufacturers. The most widely recognized trade name is Gramoxone, which has been in use since the early 1960s. Other common commercial products include Para-Shot 3.0, Firestorm, Helmquat 3SL, and Parazone.
Products often contain the paraquat dichloride salt in strengths ranging from 20% to 50% in the concentrated form. Users must always check the active ingredient section of the product label to confirm the presence of paraquat dichloride, as brand names change frequently or vary by region.
Mandatory Safety Indicators in Paraquat Formulations
To prevent accidental ingestion, which often occurs when the clear liquid is mistaken for a beverage, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires specific safety additives. All US-registered paraquat formulations must contain a blue dye to make the herbicide visually distinct from clear drinks.
Formulations are also required to include a sharp odor or stenching agent that acts as an olfactory warning. Furthermore, a vomiting agent, known as an emetic, is added to the mixture to induce immediate vomiting if the product is accidentally swallowed. The EPA also requires specialized closed-system packaging for all non-bulk containers (those less than 120 gallons) to prevent spills and illegal transfer.
Restrictions on Application and Purchase
Paraquat is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) due to its high acute toxicity. This RUP designation ensures the chemical is only handled by individuals who have demonstrated competency in its application and safety protocols.
Only certified applicators are legally permitted to purchase, mix, load, and apply herbicides containing paraquat dichloride. Unlike many other RUPs, paraquat labels specifically prohibit non-certified individuals from using the product, even under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
To maintain certification, applicators must complete an EPA-approved paraquat-specific training course, which must be retaken every three years. The use of paraquat is strictly limited to commercial, agricultural, and non-residential settings.