The common post-swim irritation known as “swimmer’s eye” is characterized by redness, stinging, and sometimes a temporary blurring of vision. This discomfort is a mild, non-contagious form of chemical conjunctivitis that resolves quickly. The irritation arises from pool water interacting with the delicate surface of the eye. While often uncomfortable, it is usually a temporary reaction that should not cause lasting harm. This information provides guidance on immediate relief methods and simple preventative steps.
The Chemical Cause of Eye Irritation
The stinging sensation in the eyes is often mistakenly attributed to high levels of chlorine alone. The primary culprits are chemical compounds called chloramines. Chloramines form when chlorine disinfectant reacts with organic materials introduced into the pool by swimmers, such as sweat, urine, body oils, and personal care products. It is these chloramines, not the free chlorine itself, that are the strong irritants that cause red eyes and the distinct “chlorine” smell.
The reaction between chlorine and organic matter creates irritants that strip away the eye’s protective tear film. This tear film is a thin, multi-layered coating that keeps the front surface of the eye lubricated and shields it from foreign particles. When the tear film is compromised, the eye becomes vulnerable to the chemical irritants, leading to the burning sensation and redness. A damaged tear film also increases the risk of the eye being affected by waterborne germs.
Immediate Steps for Relief
The first action upon exiting the pool with irritated eyes is to rinse them thoroughly with cool, clean water or a sterile saline solution. This initial flush helps wash away chlorine and chloramine residue from the eye’s surface. When rinsing, tilt your head to the side and splash the water gently into the open eye, or use an eyewash cup.
After the initial rinse, applying preservative-free artificial tears can help restore the natural tear film disrupted by the pool water. These lubricating eye drops replace the moisture and help soothe the dryness and irritation caused by chemical exposure. Avoid using “get the red out” drops, as these products contain vasoconstrictors that only mask the redness and can cause rebound irritation.
A cool compress placed over closed eyelids for five to ten minutes can help reduce inflammation and swelling. The cooling effect provides a soothing sensation and can calm the irritated tissues around the eyes. Resist the urge to rub your eyes, as the friction can worsen the irritation and potentially cause micro-abrasions.
Preventing Chlorine Exposure While Swimming
One of the most effective ways to prevent chemical eye irritation is to create a physical barrier between the eyes and the pool water. Wearing properly fitted swimming goggles is recommended, as they prevent direct contact with chlorinated water and the irritating chloramines. A good seal is necessary to ensure that water does not leak into the eye area during swimming.
Swimmers should shower for at least one minute with soap before entering the pool to reduce the amount of organic material introduced to the water. This simple step significantly lowers the potential for chloramine formation. Removing contact lenses before swimming is another preventative measure, as lenses can trap chemicals and microorganisms against the cornea, leading to severe infections.
When Eye Irritation Requires Professional Care
While most cases of swimmer’s eye are temporary and resolve within a few hours, certain symptoms indicate a need for professional medical evaluation. If the redness, itching, or irritation persists for longer than 24 to 48 hours despite home treatment, consult an eye care professional. Persistent symptoms may signal a more serious issue, such as an infection.
Other warning signs include intense or severe pain, noticeable changes in vision like double vision or blurriness that does not clear, or a thick, yellow, or green discharge. Extreme sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, can also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. Seeking prompt care is necessary to prevent complications and ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.