Hydroxyzine is a prescription antihistamine medication primarily used to relieve anxiety, manage allergic reactions like itching and hives, and act as a sedative before and after surgery. It works by blocking histamine, a natural chemical in the body that causes allergic symptoms, and also by decreasing activity in the brain, contributing to its calming effects. While generally considered safe when taken as prescribed, consuming an excessive amount of hydroxyzine can lead to a serious medical emergency known as an overdose, requiring immediate professional attention.
Recognizing an Overdose
An overdose of hydroxyzine can manifest through various signs and symptoms. One common indicator is severe drowsiness, progressing to extreme fatigue, lethargy, or unresponsiveness. Individuals may also experience confusion, disorientation, or mental fog, sometimes accompanied by agitation or hallucinations.
Physical symptoms can include blurred or double vision, dilated pupils, dry mouth, and difficulty urinating. More serious signs involve changes in heart rhythm, such as heart palpitations or a rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure. Seizures or respiratory depression, characterized by slow or labored breathing, may occur, necessitating urgent medical intervention.
Serious Consequences of Overdose
An overdose of hydroxyzine can lead to serious, potentially life-threatening complications. Because hydroxyzine affects the central nervous system, excessive amounts can result in profound central nervous system depression. This can lead to a decreased level of consciousness, stupor, or coma.
Hydroxyzine can also impact cardiac function. Overdosing may cause prolongation of the QT interval, an electrical measurement of the heart’s rhythm. This increases the risk of serious irregular heartbeats, including Torsade de Pointes, which can lead to cardiac arrest. Respiratory depression can reduce oxygen supply to the brain and other organs, potentially causing permanent organ damage.
Emergency Response and Treatment
If a hydroxyzine overdose is suspected, immediate action is necessary. The first step is to call emergency services, such as 911, or contact a local poison control center. Providing information to responders, including the amount of medication taken and the time of ingestion, helps medical personnel provide appropriate care.
Medical treatment for a hydroxyzine overdose primarily involves supportive care, as there is no specific antidote. This includes monitoring vital signs, ensuring the person’s airway remains open, and managing breathing and circulation. Activated charcoal may be administered if the overdose is recent to reduce drug absorption. Intravenous fluids and medications to manage specific symptoms like low blood pressure or seizures may also be used.