Dental plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. If not managed effectively, it can lead to various oral and broader health problems.
Understanding Plaque and Tartar
Plaque forms when bacteria in the mouth interact with food particles and saliva, creating a soft, colorless, or pale yellow film on teeth. These bacteria feed on sugars and carbohydrates from consumed foods, producing acids that can harm teeth and gums.
If plaque is not removed promptly, it can begin to harden within 24 to 48 hours. This hardened plaque is known as tartar, or dental calculus. Unlike soft plaque, which can be removed through daily brushing and flossing, tartar is a calcified deposit that adheres firmly to tooth surfaces. Only a dental professional can remove tartar during a professional cleaning.
While soft plaque does not typically “break off,” hardened tartar can occasionally chip or break off the tooth surface. This can happen when eating hard foods, brushing aggressively, or due to significant buildup. The chipping indicates significant buildup and potential damage.
Direct Impact on Oral Health
Unmanaged plaque and tartar significantly impact oral health, leading to progressive dental issues. The acids produced by plaque bacteria erode tooth enamel, the protective outer layer of the tooth, which can result in tooth decay, also known as cavities. If left untreated, these cavities can deepen, potentially reaching the inner parts of the tooth, causing pain and infection.
Plaque accumulation along the gumline can also irritate the gums, leading to gingivitis, the initial stage of gum disease. Symptoms of gingivitis include red, swollen, and easily bleeding gums, particularly during brushing or flossing. If gingivitis is not addressed, it can advance to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease. Periodontitis involves the breakdown of the tissues and bone supporting the teeth, potentially leading to gum recession, loose teeth, and eventually tooth loss.
Broader Health Implications
Oral health issues, especially advanced gum disease, can have effects beyond the mouth. Chronic inflammation and bacteria from severe gum disease can enter the bloodstream through gum tissue, traveling to other parts of the body.
This systemic spread is linked to various broader health conditions. Research indicates connections between gum disease and cardiovascular issues such as heart disease, stroke, and clogged arteries. There is also a recognized link between periodontitis and diabetes, where gum disease can make blood sugar control more challenging, and uncontrolled diabetes can worsen gum disease. Other potential connections include an increased risk for respiratory infections and complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth and low birth weight.
Preventive Measures and Professional Care
Preventing plaque and tartar buildup helps maintain good oral health and mitigate broader health risks. Daily oral hygiene involves brushing teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once a day to remove plaque from tooth surfaces and between teeth. Consistent home care helps prevent plaque from hardening into tartar.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important, typically recommended at least twice a year. During these visits, dental professionals use specialized tools to remove tartar that cannot be removed by brushing and flossing alone.
A balanced diet also contributes to prevention by limiting sugary and starchy foods and drinks that promote plaque formation. Choosing nutrient-rich foods and staying hydrated helps maintain a healthy oral environment.