Uterine fibroids are common, non-cancerous growths composed of muscle and connective tissue that develop in or on the wall of the uterus. While many individuals with fibroids experience no symptoms, others may encounter issues such as heavy menstrual bleeding or pelvic pain. Fibroids can sometimes undergo a process called degeneration, where parts of the fibroid tissue begin to die.
Understanding Fibroid Degeneration
Fibroid degeneration occurs when a fibroid outgrows its blood supply, meaning its cells no longer receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients. Rapid growth can lead to insufficient blood flow (ischemia), causing fibroid cells to die and tissue to break down. This process commonly occurs in larger fibroids, which are more likely to outgrow their nutrient supply. Degeneration can also happen if the fibroid’s blood supply is compromised by other factors, such as a twisted stalk in pedunculated fibroids or changes in the uterus during pregnancy. The cellular death releases chemicals that contribute to the associated symptoms.
Signs and Symptoms of Degeneration
Fibroid degeneration can cause a range of noticeable symptoms. The most frequent symptom is acute, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, which can feel sharp or stabbing and is often localized to the area of the degenerating fibroid. This pain results from the chemicals released as fibroid cells die and can last from a few days to several weeks. Individuals may also experience swelling in the abdomen or pelvis alongside the pain. A low-grade fever can develop due to the body’s inflammatory response to the degenerating tissue. While less common, changes in bleeding patterns, such as heavier or irregular bleeding between periods, can also occur. These symptoms can vary in intensity, but their sudden onset and severity often prompt concern.
Seeking Medical Care
If fibroid degeneration is suspected, a healthcare provider will typically conduct a physical examination and may order imaging tests to confirm the presence of fibroids and rule out other causes of pain. Ultrasound is a common initial imaging method, providing images of the uterus and other pelvic organs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can offer more detailed images, helping to visualize changes within the fibroid consistent with degeneration. Initial management typically focuses on alleviating symptoms. This often involves conservative measures such as rest and pain relief medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to manage the pain and inflammation. Applying a heating pad to the abdomen may also provide comfort.
After Degeneration: What Happens Next
Once a fibroid undergoes degeneration, the acute symptoms generally subside as the body processes the affected tissue. The fibroid may shrink in size, though it does not typically disappear entirely. The long-term outcome for a degenerated fibroid can include calcification, where calcium deposits accumulate in the hardened tissue. While a degenerated fibroid may become smaller and less symptomatic, it is possible for it to grow again and potentially undergo future episodes of degeneration if its blood supply improves.