Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, are the last set of adult teeth to emerge in the mouth. They typically appear at the very back of the mouth, usually between the ages of 17 and 25. While some individuals may have four wisdom teeth, two on the top and two on the bottom, others might have fewer or none at all. These teeth are a normal part of dental development, but their emergence can sometimes lead to various issues due to limited space in the jaw.
Common Signs and Sensations
When a wisdom tooth is growing, individuals may experience various sensations. A common feeling is a dull ache or pressure in the back of the jaw, near where the tooth is emerging. This discomfort can sometimes radiate to other areas, such as the jaw, eyes, or ears, as the tooth exerts pressure on surrounding nerves. The gums around the erupting tooth may also become tender, red, and slightly swollen.
These sensations are often temporary and signify the natural process of a tooth pushing through the gum tissue. Mild irritation or sensitivity in the affected area is also possible. While these signs can indicate normal eruption, their presence warrants attention to ensure the tooth is emerging without complications.
Potential Issues and Complications
The emergence of wisdom teeth can lead to several problems, often due to insufficient space in the jaw. One common issue is impaction, where the tooth becomes stuck below the gum surface or grows at an abnormal angle. There are different types of impaction:
Mesial impaction, the most common, occurs when the tooth angles toward the front of the mouth, often pushing against the second molar.
Distal impaction, a rarer type, involves the tooth angling toward the back of the mouth.
Horizontal impaction is when the tooth lies completely on its side within the jawbone, often pressing against the adjacent tooth.
Vertical impaction means the tooth is in the correct position but remains trapped beneath the gums.
Impaction can cause damage to other teeth, particularly the second molars, through constant pressure, potentially leading to root damage or increased risk of infection and decay in that area. This pressure can also contribute to the crowding or misalignment of other teeth, potentially requiring orthodontic treatment.
Another frequent complication is pericoronitis, an inflammation or infection of the gum tissue surrounding a partially emerged wisdom tooth. This occurs when a flap of gum covers part of the tooth, trapping food particles and bacteria, which can lead to infection. Left untreated, pericoronitis can lead to symptoms like pain, swelling, pus discharge, and difficulty opening the mouth. Rarely, cysts can form around an impacted wisdom tooth within the jawbone, which can expand and damage the jawbone, nerves, and adjacent teeth if not addressed.
When Professional Guidance is Needed
It is important to seek dental attention if you experience persistent or severe discomfort related to growing wisdom teeth. Specific signs that indicate a need for professional evaluation include severe pain that does not subside, significant swelling around the jaw or gums, or difficulty opening the mouth. Other red flags suggesting a possible infection are fever, pus drainage from the gums, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or persistent bad breath. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or jaw area can also be a sign of infection.
A dentist can diagnose the situation using dental X-rays to visualize the wisdom teeth’s position and assess their impact on surrounding structures. X-rays provide a clear view of impaction, angulation, and effects on adjacent teeth or bone. This diagnostic information helps the dentist determine the most appropriate course of action, which could range from continued monitoring to a recommendation for removal. Early detection through regular check-ups, especially during the late teens and early twenties, can prevent more serious complications.
Managing Discomfort and Next Steps
While awaiting a dental evaluation, some measures can help manage discomfort. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. Rinsing with warm salt water several times daily can promote gum health and reduce bacteria. Applying a cold compress to the outside of the cheek for 15-20 minute intervals can reduce swelling and numb pain. Natural remedies like clove oil (for numbing) or peppermint oil (for cooling) are also used for temporary relief.
After a professional evaluation, a dentist will outline the next steps. If the wisdom teeth are erupting without causing issues or are not expected to cause problems, the dentist may recommend monitoring their progress during routine check-ups. However, if complications such as impaction, infection, or damage to adjacent teeth are present or anticipated, the dentist might discuss the option of extraction. The decision for extraction is made based on the specific condition of the wisdom teeth and their potential impact on overall oral health.