A root canal is a dental procedure designed to save a tooth by removing infected or damaged pulp from inside. This treatment becomes necessary when deep decay, cracks, or injury lead to an infection within the tooth’s innermost layer. Delaying this treatment has significant consequences for oral health.
Progression of Untreated Dental Infection
Bacteria from extensive tooth decay or a crack can access the dental pulp, the soft inner tissue containing nerves and blood vessels. This bacterial invasion leads to inflammation and infection of the pulp, known as pulpitis. If the infection remains untreated, it spreads beyond the pulp chamber into surrounding bone and soft tissues, forming an abscess. The infection remains active and continues to spread, even if initial pain subsides, causing further tissue destruction.
Short-Term Consequences of Delay
Delaying root canal treatment results in persistent and severe pain. This pain can be throbbing and may spread to the jawbone, neck, or ear. Discomfort or sharp pain often occurs with hot or cold temperatures, or when applying pressure during chewing or biting.
Swelling in the gum tissue, cheek, or neck can develop from the accumulating infection. A draining, pimple-like lesion may also appear on the gum, indicating an abscess. These symptoms disrupt daily life, making eating, sleeping, and speaking difficult. Localized bone loss around the infected tooth can also begin as the infection progresses.
Serious Health Risks from Prolonged Delay
If a dental infection is left untreated for an extended period, it can spread beyond the jawbone to other areas of the head and neck. This can lead to cellulitis, a serious bacterial infection. The infection may also cause osteomyelitis, a bone infection that can result in bone loss.
In severe cases, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, leading to sepsis, a potentially life-threatening response. Although rare, a prolonged infection can also lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis, a severe blood clot in the brain. The infection can also increase the risk of affecting adjacent teeth and spreading to vital organs like the heart or brain.
When Extraction Becomes the Only Option
Waiting too long can mean the tooth can no longer be saved with a root canal. Extraction becomes necessary with extensive tooth structure loss, irreversible damage to surrounding bone, or widespread infection. Removing the tooth requires considering replacement options like dental implants, bridges, or dentures. These involve additional costs and multiple appointments. Timely root canal treatment preserves the natural tooth, which functions better and is more cost-effective than extraction and replacement.