Mold is a type of fungus that grows in damp environments and reproduces by releasing tiny, lightweight spores into the air. While the respiratory risks of inhaling spores are well-known, direct physical contact with mold also presents specific health concerns. This article focuses on localized reactions, the secondary risks of transferring spores, and protective measures for handling mold issues.
Immediate Effects of Direct Skin Contact
When mold contacts the skin, the primary concern is a localized allergic reaction, often called contact dermatitis. Mold spores and fragments contain allergens that trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals, leading to visible skin irritation. This reaction often appears as redness, itching, a rash, or hives at the point of contact.
The skin acts as an effective barrier, meaning mold does not typically get absorbed or grow on intact, healthy skin. However, the mold surface may contain mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds produced by some species. Direct contact with these compounds can disrupt the skin barrier and contribute to irritation. Individuals with pre-existing conditions like eczema are more susceptible, as direct exposure can exacerbate symptoms such as flaking, dryness, and inflammation.
Risks from Spore Transfer and Accidental Ingestion
The most significant risk of touching mold is the subsequent transfer of spores to sensitive areas of the body. Spores readily cling to hands and can be moved to the face, leading to hand-to-eye or hand-to-mouth contamination. Transferring spores to the eyes can cause irritation, redness, burning, and inflammation. Spores entering the nose or mouth can quickly trigger respiratory or allergic symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, or a runny nose.
Spores or mold fragments may also enter the body through breaks in the skin, such as cuts or abrasions. While rare for healthy individuals, this could potentially lead to localized fungal infections. Accidental ingestion, such as eating without washing hands after touching moldy material, introduces the risk of systemic exposure to mycotoxins.
Ingesting moldy material containing mycotoxins can lead to gastrointestinal distress, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Mycotoxins like aflatoxins are potent and can pose long-term health risks with chronic exposure. The health risk depends heavily on the type of mold, the quantity consumed, and the individual’s overall health.
Safe Handling and Personal Protection Measures
When dealing with mold, appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary to prevent direct skin contact and spore inhalation.
Required PPE
Wear protective gloves, such as nitrile or rubber household gloves, that extend to the middle of the forearm to protect the skin from mold and cleaning solutions. Eye protection is also required; sealed goggles without vent holes are recommended to prevent airborne spores or liquid splashes from irritating the eyes.
To protect the respiratory system, a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator is the minimum recommendation for small cleanup jobs. An N95 mask filters out 95% of airborne particulates and must cover both the nose and mouth. For extensive or prolonged cleaning, a half-face or full-face respirator with P100 filters provides a higher degree of protection.
Cleaning Procedures
For cleaning small areas (less than 10 square feet), a solution of detergent and water can be used to scrub mold off hard surfaces. If using a biocide like chlorine bleach, use no more than one cup per gallon of water, and ensure the area is well-ventilated; never mix bleach with ammonia or other cleaners. Fixing the underlying water problem is important, as controlling moisture prevents mold regrowth. After cleaning, all materials used, including disposable PPE, should be sealed in plastic bags before disposal.
The job is too large for a layperson when the mold covers an area greater than 10 square feet. Professional remediation is warranted if the mold is found in an HVAC system, behind walls, or results from significant water damage. Professionals use specialized equipment and containment procedures to safely remove extensive mold growth and prevent the spread of spores.