Naltrexone is a medication used to help individuals manage certain substance use disorders. It functions as an opioid antagonist, meaning it binds to and blocks opioid receptors in the brain. This action helps to reduce cravings for some substances and prevents them from producing their usual effects. Available in oral tablet form, typically taken daily, or as a long-acting injectable administered monthly, naltrexone offers flexibility in treatment. Understanding how naltrexone interacts with other substances, particularly alcohol, is important for those considering or undergoing this treatment.
How Naltrexone Changes Alcohol’s Effects
Naltrexone significantly alters the subjective experience of consuming alcohol by targeting the brain’s reward system. When alcohol is consumed, it triggers the release of endorphins, the body’s natural opioids, which then bind to opioid receptors, leading to feelings of pleasure and reinforcement. Naltrexone works by blocking these opioid receptors, preventing the endorphins from binding and thereby diminishing the euphoric or pleasurable “buzz” typically associated with drinking. This mechanism reduces alcohol’s reinforcing effects, making it less satisfying and lessening the desire to continue drinking.
While naltrexone effectively dampens the pleasurable sensations, it does not prevent the physical effects of alcohol intoxication. An individual taking naltrexone can still become impaired, experiencing reduced coordination, slowed reaction times, and impaired judgment. The medication does not affect blood alcohol levels or how the body metabolizes alcohol. Therefore, even without the “buzz,” the risks associated with physical impairment, such as operating machinery or driving, remain.
The Health Risks of Combining Naltrexone and Alcohol
Consuming alcohol while taking naltrexone, despite reduced pleasure, still carries substantial health risks. Naltrexone does not eliminate the physical harm alcohol can inflict. Continued alcohol consumption can lead to various health issues, including potential liver damage.
Both naltrexone and alcohol are processed by the liver. While naltrexone is generally safe for liver function at prescribed doses, especially in individuals with compensated liver disease, excessive alcohol intake can still strain the liver. Combining the two may exacerbate existing liver conditions. Alcohol poisoning remains a significant risk if large quantities are consumed, as naltrexone does not prevent the body from absorbing alcohol.
Guidance for Naltrexone Users
Individuals prescribed naltrexone should adhere strictly to their prescribed treatment plan. The medication is most effective when used consistently, often as part of a comprehensive program that includes counseling and behavioral therapy. If alcohol is consumed accidentally or intentionally, it is important to continue taking naltrexone as prescribed, as it can still help reduce the desire to continue drinking and prevent a slip from becoming a full relapse.
Seeking medical advice is important if there are concerns about alcohol consumption while on naltrexone or if side effects occur. While common side effects of naltrexone are typically mild, such as nausea or headache, they might be intensified with alcohol consumption. Regular monitoring, including liver function tests, may be recommended by a healthcare provider, particularly for those on long-term therapy or with pre-existing liver conditions. It is important to remember that naltrexone supports recovery but does not eliminate the need for ongoing medical and therapeutic support.