Insulin is a vital hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. For individuals with diabetes, maintaining the quality and effectiveness of insulin is crucial for proper blood sugar control and preventing complications.
Understanding Compromised Insulin
Insulin can become compromised for several reasons, rendering it less effective or even ineffective. One common factor is expiration; its potency naturally diminishes over time, even if unopened. Improper storage conditions are a frequent cause of degradation. Exposure to extreme temperatures, such as freezing or direct sunlight, can denature the insulin proteins, altering their structure and function. Contamination is another concern, which might be indicated by changes in the insulin’s appearance, such as discoloration, cloudiness (for insulins that should be clear), or the presence of particles or clumps.
Immediate Health Effects
Administering compromised insulin leads to uncontrolled high blood sugar, a condition known as hyperglycemia, because it cannot move glucose into cells. This can manifest with symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. For individuals with Type 1 diabetes, inadequate insulin can quickly escalate to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a medical emergency where the body breaks down fat for energy due to lack of insulin, leading to acidic ketones in the blood. DKA symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep and rapid breathing, a fruity breath odor, and confusion.
Potential Long-Term Health Risks
Consistently using ineffective insulin results in prolonged periods of high blood sugar, which can lead to the accelerated development or worsening of chronic diabetes complications. Nerve damage, known as neuropathy, can occur, causing tingling, numbness, or pain, particularly in the hands and feet. Eye damage, or retinopathy, can progress to vision problems or even blindness. Kidney damage, termed nephropathy, may impair kidney function and potentially lead to kidney failure. Additionally, sustained high blood sugar levels increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes.
Steps to Take If You Suspect an Issue
If you suspect compromised insulin, take immediate action. Stop using it and monitor blood glucose levels frequently. Contact a healthcare provider (doctor or diabetes educator) for guidance on adjusting dosage, obtaining new insulin, and managing blood sugar. If severe symptoms of hyperglycemia or DKA develop, such as persistent vomiting, significant abdominal pain, or changes in consciousness, seek emergency medical attention. Note the batch number, expiration date, and storage conditions of the suspected insulin for healthcare professionals.
Ensuring Insulin Integrity
Proper insulin storage and handling maintain its effectiveness. Unopened insulin should be refrigerated (36-46°F / 2-8°C) until its expiration date. Once opened, most insulin vials or pens can be stored at room temperature (59-86°F / 15-30°C) for about 28 days, though durations vary by product. Avoid exposing insulin to direct sunlight, extreme heat, or freezing temperatures, as these rapidly degrade potency. Before each use, visually inspect insulin for changes in clarity, color, or particles, and discard expired or compromised insulin safely according to local guidelines.