Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic agent widely used for its ability to reduce bacteria. It is commonly found in products like topical disinfectants for skin preparation before surgery and in antiseptic mouthwashes to manage gum conditions such as gingivitis. This compound works by damaging the cell membranes of microbes, thereby inhibiting their growth or eliminating them.
Why Chlorhexidine Should Not Be Swallowed
Chlorhexidine is formulated for external application or for contact with mucous membranes, such as those inside the mouth, not for internal consumption. Its primary function is to reduce bacteria on surfaces like the skin or within the oral cavity. While effective as a topical agent, its composition is not designed for the digestive system. Ingesting chlorhexidine means it interacts with internal tissues in a way it is not intended to, leading to potential adverse reactions.
Even in small quantities, chlorhexidine is not absorbed well into the bloodstream when swallowed. The intended purpose of chlorhexidine is to exert its antimicrobial effects locally, such as within the mouth. Therefore, it is important to spit out oral rinse products containing chlorhexidine after use, rather than swallowing them.
Effects of Accidental Ingestion
Accidental ingestion of chlorhexidine can lead to various effects, depending on the amount swallowed. Swallowing a small amount, such as a typical mouthful of oral rinse, generally results in mild and temporary symptoms. Common reactions include stomach upset, nausea, or a temporary alteration in taste perception. This taste disturbance usually resolves within hours or after discontinuing use.
Ingesting larger quantities can lead to more pronounced effects. Individuals might experience irritation of the esophagus and stomach lining, along with vomiting and abdominal pain. In very rare instances, particularly with highly concentrated solutions, severe systemic issues, including life-threatening conditions or even death, have been reported.
Some chlorhexidine mouthwashes also contain alcohol, and swallowing large amounts of these can lead to symptoms of alcohol intoxication, such as dizziness or slurred speech. Rare but serious allergic reactions, including difficulty breathing, facial swelling, severe rash, or even shock, can occur with exposure to chlorhexidine.
Responding to Accidental Swallowing
If a small amount of chlorhexidine, such as a typical dose of mouthwash, is accidentally swallowed, rinsing the mouth thoroughly with water is advisable. Drinking a few glasses of water can help dilute the swallowed substance. It is important to observe for any developing symptoms, but inducing vomiting is generally not recommended unless specifically instructed by a medical professional.
For larger ingestions, or if any severe symptoms develop such as persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, or signs of an allergic reaction, immediate medical attention is necessary. Contacting a poison control center (1-800-222-1222 in the United States) or emergency services (911) is recommended. When seeking help, it is beneficial to provide details about the type of chlorhexidine product, its concentration, and the approximate amount swallowed. To prevent accidental ingestion, always ensure chlorhexidine products, especially mouthwashes, are kept out of reach of children.