Albuterol is a medication known as a bronchodilator, primarily used to help individuals with lung conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) breathe more easily. Its main function is to relax the muscles around the airways, which helps to open them and increase airflow. While albuterol is most commonly administered through inhalation via an inhaler or nebulizer, accidental swallowing can occur, particularly with nebulizer solutions or if an inhaler is not used as intended.
How Swallowing Albuterol Differs
When albuterol is inhaled, it is designed to act directly on the smooth muscles of the airways, providing localized relief. Minimal amounts are absorbed into the bloodstream. However, when albuterol is swallowed, it enters the digestive tract and is absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to systemic effects. This results in a slower onset compared to inhalation, but it can lead to a higher concentration of the drug in the body and a potentially longer duration of systemic effects. The form of albuterol, such as a nebulizer solution versus a metered-dose inhaler spray, can influence the amount that is absorbed systemically.
Potential Effects
Swallowing albuterol can lead to systemic side effects. Common effects include an increased heart rate, also known as tachycardia, and tremors, which manifest as shakiness in the hands or feet. Individuals may also experience nervousness, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The severity of effects depends on the amount swallowed and individual sensitivity.
Less common but more concerning effects can arise. These include significant changes in blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and a decrease in serum potassium levels, known as hypokalemia. These effects can be concerning for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Other symptoms include muscle pain or cramps, increased thirst, and rarely, seizures.
When to Seek Medical Help
If albuterol is swallowed, contact a poison control center immediately for guidance. Seek emergency medical care if significant symptoms develop, especially severe chest pain, a rapid or irregular heartbeat, or severe dizziness that could lead to fainting. Other concerning signs include difficulty breathing, confusion, or seizures. Even if symptoms appear mild, consulting a healthcare professional is advised, especially if a large amount was swallowed or if the individual has underlying health conditions like heart disease or diabetes. Provide information about the approximate amount swallowed, the time of ingestion, and any symptoms.