Nail polish is a liquid lacquer designed specifically for application on the hard keratin surface of the nail plate. It is formulated to dry quickly and adhere firmly, properties achieved through a complex mixture of industrial chemicals. The product is not intended for contact with mucous membranes or for consumption. When nail polish touches the lips or is swallowed, the chemical components pose distinct health risks, ranging from localized irritation to systemic toxicity.
Hazardous Ingredients in Nail Polish
Nail polish formulations rely heavily on volatile organic solvents to keep the product liquid and allow for fast drying. Chemicals like toluene, butyl acetate, and ethyl acetate are common solvents that dissolve the other ingredients and evaporate rapidly. These compounds are highly irritating to soft tissues. The polish also contains film-forming agents, such as nitrocellulose, and plasticizers like dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which create a durable, glossy finish. While many manufacturers have removed the “toxic trio,” these ingredients may still be present in some older or cheaper formulas.
Localized Reactions from Contact
Direct contact with nail polish on the lips or inside the mouth causes immediate chemical irritation. The high concentration of volatile organic solvents acts as a defatting agent, stripping the delicate lip tissue of its natural moisture barrier. This process can lead to an instant burning or stinging sensation and significant dryness. Chemicals in the polish, particularly acrylates, can trigger allergic contact dermatitis, an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms may include redness, swelling, and the formation of fluid-filled blisters on the lips or surrounding areas.
Risks of Systemic Poisoning
Ingestion of nail polish carries the risk of systemic poisoning because the chemical components can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Solvents, such as toluene and ethyl acetate, are central nervous system depressants. If a sufficient quantity is swallowed, it can lead to symptoms like dizziness, drowsiness, headache, or loss of consciousness. The most serious danger is aspiration, which occurs when the thin, oily solvents are accidentally inhaled into the lungs during swallowing or vomiting. Aspiration can lead to chemical pneumonitis, a severe inflammatory condition that damages lung tissue, requiring immediate medical intervention.
Immediate Steps and Prevention
If nail polish has been put on the lips or swallowed, the first step is to gently wipe out the mouth with a wet washcloth to remove the product. Following this, the person should rinse their mouth and drink a small amount of water or milk to help dilute any remaining residue. It is imperative to contact the national toll-free Poison Help hotline at 1-800-222-1222 immediately for expert guidance. Inducing vomiting is strongly discouraged unless specifically directed by a healthcare professional, because it increases the risk of chemical aspiration into the lungs. To prevent accidental exposure, nail polish and other cosmetics should always be stored securely, out of sight, and out of reach.