Hydroxyzine, often sold under brand names like Vistaril or Atarax, is a commonly prescribed medication. It serves various purposes, including reducing anxiety and tension, alleviating allergic reactions such as itching, and providing a sedative effect before medical procedures or for insomnia. While generally considered safe when used as directed, understanding the risks associated with taking more than the prescribed amount is important.
Understanding Hydroxyzine Overdose
An overdose of hydroxyzine is possible, particularly when ingested in excessive quantities or combined with other substances. Hydroxyzine is a first-generation antihistamine with notable sedative and anticholinergic properties, which contribute to its overdose profile. These properties mean it can depress the central nervous system and interfere with certain bodily functions regulated by acetylcholine.
The severity of a hydroxyzine overdose can be influenced by several factors. The amount of medication ingested plays a significant role, as does an individual’s unique sensitivity to the drug. Combining hydroxyzine with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, such as alcohol or opioids, can significantly increase the risk and severity of an overdose due to amplified sedative effects. Underlying health conditions, including liver or kidney impairment, or pre-existing heart conditions, can also heighten the risks.
Recognizing Overdose Symptoms
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a hydroxyzine overdose is important for timely intervention. Central nervous system effects are prominent, often manifesting as severe drowsiness, extreme fatigue, confusion, and disorientation. In more severe cases, individuals may experience hallucinations, delirium, seizures, or a decreased level of consciousness leading to stupor or coma.
Anticholinergic effects are also common. These include a dry mouth, blurred vision, and dilated pupils. Other anticholinergic signs can involve difficulty with urination, constipation, and an increased heart rate. Cardiovascular effects may also occur, such as an irregular heartbeat, heart palpitations, or low blood pressure, which can lead to dizziness or fainting. Respiratory depression, characterized by slow or labored breathing, can occur in severe cases, particularly when hydroxyzine is combined with other sedatives.
Immediate Steps for Suspected Overdose
If a hydroxyzine overdose is suspected, immediate action is necessary to ensure the person’s safety. The first step is to call emergency services, such as 911 in the United States, or contact a poison control center immediately at 1-800-222-1222. These services can provide expert guidance and dispatch medical assistance quickly.
While waiting for professional help, stay with the person and monitor their condition. Gather as much information as possible about the medication taken, including the dosage amount and the approximate time it was ingested. Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical professional or poison control center, as this action can sometimes worsen the situation. Once medical professionals arrive, they will likely provide supportive care, monitor vital signs, and may administer activated charcoal to help reduce drug absorption if the ingestion was recent.
Safe Use and Prevention
Preventing an overdose involves adhering to safe medication practices. Always take hydroxyzine exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional, without exceeding the recommended dose or frequency. Avoid consuming alcohol or other sedatives, including certain over-the-counter medications, without first consulting a doctor or pharmacist, as these can significantly enhance hydroxyzine’s sedative effects and increase overdose risk.
Medications should always be stored securely, out of reach of children and others who might accidentally or intentionally misuse them. Never share your prescription medication with another person. Maintaining open communication with your doctor or pharmacist about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking is important to identify and prevent potentially dangerous drug interactions.