Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents the most frequently diagnosed form of skin cancer. While it is known for its slow growth, understanding the potential consequences of leaving this cancer untreated is important. Although BCC rarely spreads to distant parts of the body, its local progression can lead to significant issues over time.
Understanding Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma originates in the basal cells, located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the skin’s outermost layer. BCC commonly develops on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, scalp, nose, eyelids, ears, neck, and arms.
The appearance of BCC can vary, often presenting as a pearly or waxy bump with visible blood vessels. It may also manifest as a red patch, a flat scaly area, or a sore that does not heal and might bleed or crust over. Sometimes, it can look like a scar-like lesion that is white, yellow, or waxy.
Local Progression and Tissue Damage
When left untreated, basal cell carcinoma grows, expanding both outwards and downwards into the skin. This persistent growth results in the gradual destruction of surrounding healthy skin tissue. The ongoing destruction can lead to noticeable disfigurement, particularly when the cancer is located on visible areas like the face.
The tumor may develop into chronic open sores or ulcers that fail to heal, often oozing, bleeding, or forming crusts. These non-healing wounds can become susceptible to secondary infections, leading to further complications. The longer treatment is delayed, the more extensive the local damage becomes, making subsequent management more complex and potentially requiring more invasive procedures.
Deeper Invasion and Rare Complications
If left untreated, basal cell carcinoma can extend beyond the skin and invade deeper underlying structures. This deeper invasion might involve cartilage, bone, nerves, and blood vessels. Such extensive growth can result in functional impairments, especially if the tumor is located near sensitive areas like the eyes, nose, or ears.
Nerve damage can also occur, leading to symptoms such as localized pain, numbness, or tingling sensations in the affected area. In exceptionally rare instances, basal cell carcinoma can metastasize. The incidence of this occurring is very low, ranging from approximately 0.0028% to 0.55% of cases. When metastasis does occur, common sites include the lymph nodes, lungs, and bones.
Importance of Early Detection and Treatment
Basal cell carcinoma is highly treatable when identified and addressed in its early stages. Prompt intervention significantly increases the likelihood of a complete cure and minimizes potential complications. Early treatment often involves less invasive procedures, resulting in smaller scars and better cosmetic outcomes.
Recognizing suspicious skin changes and seeking medical evaluation promptly is important. Regular self-skin examinations and annual professional skin checks can facilitate early detection, which aids effective management.