A urinary tract infection (UTI) represents a common bacterial infection impacting the urinary system, which includes the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. While many factors can contribute to their development, a frequent question arises regarding the implications of sexual activity during an ongoing infection.
Direct Physical Effects
Engaging in sexual activity while experiencing a UTI can intensify existing symptoms, leading to heightened discomfort and pain. The inflamed and irritated tissues of the urethra and bladder can become more sensitive, resulting in increased burning or aching sensations during and after intercourse. For individuals with vaginas, the pressure on internal vaginal walls can also exert pressure on the bladder, further intensifying discomfort.
Sexual activity can also worsen the infection itself. The physical act can push bacteria from the lower urinary tract, such as the urethra, further into the bladder, potentially exacerbating the infection or prolonging recovery. This upward movement of bacteria could lead to an increased risk of the infection spreading to the kidneys, a condition known as pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is a serious complication that requires prompt medical attention and can result in lasting kidney damage.
Partner Considerations
While a common misconception exists that typical bacterial UTIs are sexually transmitted infections (STIs), most UTIs are not considered STIs and are generally not contagious. The bacteria responsible for most UTIs, often Escherichia coli (E. coli), originate from the gut flora and are not usually transmitted to a sexual partner like STIs.
Despite UTIs not being STIs, bacteria can still be shared between partners during sexual activity. For instance, E. coli can transfer from the anus to the vaginal opening or onto a penis. This transfer during sex can increase the risk of introducing bacteria into the urinary tract, potentially leading to a new UTI for the uninfected partner or a re-infection for the partner with the UTI. Therefore, maintaining good hygiene remains beneficial for both partners.
Important Next Steps
Medical treatment for a UTI is important. This involves completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare provider, even if symptoms begin to improve. Stopping antibiotics prematurely can lead to the infection returning, potentially in a more severe form, or contribute to antibiotic resistance, making future infections harder to treat.
It is important to consult a doctor if UTI symptoms worsen, do not improve with treatment, or if new symptoms develop. These concerning symptoms include fever, chills, back pain, nausea, or vomiting, as they could indicate a more serious kidney infection. General self-care measures, such as drinking plenty of water to help flush out bacteria and avoiding bladder irritants like caffeine and alcohol, can also support recovery. Abstaining from sexual activity until UTI symptoms have resolved is recommended to prevent exacerbating the condition or prolonging recovery.