Fire extinguishers are portable safety devices designed to suppress small fires and prevent them from escalating. They contain various agents that work by cooling, removing oxygen, or interfering with chemical reactions. Accidental discharge or exposure can occur, leading to questions about potential effects on a person.
Immediate Bodily Reactions
Being sprayed by a fire extinguisher results in a forceful impact from the pressurized discharge. This jolt can be disorienting, with temporary visual obstruction as the agent disperses. Skin contact causes discomfort, redness, or irritation. Respiratory irritation, coughing, or difficulty breathing can occur, especially if inhaled. The loud noise and cold sensation can also be startling.
Effects Based on Extinguisher Type
The effects of being sprayed by a fire extinguisher depend on the specific extinguishing agent.
Water-based
Water-based extinguishers cause drenching and wetting, leading to slipping hazards. While non-toxic, the high-pressure stream can cause physical harm.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers discharge an extremely cold gas, risking frostbite upon direct skin contact. In confined or poorly ventilated spaces, CO2 rapidly displaces oxygen, leading to asphyxiation. Symptoms include dizziness, shortness of breath, unconsciousness, or death at high concentrations.
Dry Chemical
Dry chemical extinguishers, commonly containing monoammonium phosphate or sodium bicarbonate, release a fine powder. This powder causes eye irritation (burning, tearing, redness), potentially severe if not flushed. Inhalation can result in coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and respiratory irritation, especially for those with pre-existing lung conditions. The powder also leaves a slippery, irritating residue on skin.
Wet Chemical
Wet chemical extinguishers discharge a soap-like residue. This agent can cause skin irritation upon contact and create slippery surfaces.
Clean Agents
Clean agents, such as halocarbon or inert gas systems, are designed to leave less residue. Halocarbon agents cool rapidly, and inert gases reduce oxygen, potentially causing respiratory irritation or oxygen displacement in enclosed areas. Some clean agents may also produce hazardous by-products if they degrade at high temperatures.
Emergency Response and Care
Following exposure to a fire extinguisher spray, immediately move to fresh air to minimize inhalation. For eye exposure, flush eyes thoroughly with clean, lukewarm water for 15 to 20 minutes, holding eyelids open. If skin contact occurs, wash the exposed area with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing.
Monitor for persistent symptoms after initial first aid, such as continued skin irritation, coughing, difficulty breathing, dizziness, or changes in vision. Seek immediate medical attention for severe symptoms like ongoing respiratory distress, severe eye pain, chemical burns, or allergic reactions. Medical consultation is also advised if symptoms worsen or do not improve after initial care.