Paint thinner is a solvent used to dilute oil-based paints and clean tools. This liquid is composed of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as mineral spirits, toluene, xylene, or naphtha. VOCs are designed to dissolve organic materials, making them effective at breaking down the natural protective barriers of human skin. Contact with paint thinner should be treated as a hazardous chemical exposure.
Immediate Damage to the Skin
The first effect of paint thinner is “defatting,” where the solvent rapidly dissolves the natural oils and lipids forming the skin’s protective outer layer. This dissolution compromises the skin’s barrier function, causing immediate dryness, irritation, and redness (chemical irritant contact dermatitis).
The loss of these protective oils allows water to escape, leading to whitening, drying, and potential cracking. Prolonged or repeated exposure can cause blistering, peeling, and chemical burns, which may not fully manifest until hours after contact.
Risks of Internal Absorption
Paint thinner solvents can be absorbed through the skin, risking systemic toxicity. Since these chemicals, such as toluene and xylene, are highly fat-soluble, they can pass through intact skin, especially with prolonged contact. Exposure is also amplified by inhaling the vapors, which is the most common route of entry into the body.
Once absorbed, these solvents rapidly distribute through the bloodstream, affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Early neurological symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, and lack of coordination. Heavy exposure can lead to more severe systemic effects, including respiratory tract irritation and damage to the liver and kidneys.
Systemic toxicity is a serious concern because effects may be delayed or subtle. The presence of CNS symptoms indicates the chemical is disrupting neurological function and requires immediate medical attention.
Immediate First Aid Steps
If paint thinner contacts the skin, immediately move to fresh air to avoid inhaling fumes. Remove all contaminated clothing, including shoes and jewelry, as the solvent can soak into fabric and prolong contact.
Wash the affected skin thoroughly with large amounts of lukewarm running water for a minimum of 15 to 20 minutes. While rinsing, gently wash the area with a mild soap to help remove the oily chemical residue. Avoid harsh scrubbing or abrasive soaps, which can damage the skin barrier and increase absorption. Do not apply any creams, ointments, or neutralizing agents unless instructed by a medical professional.
When to Seek Professional Medical Help
Immediate professional medical help is necessary if the exposure is extensive or if severe symptoms develop. Call the Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) or emergency services (911) if the exposed person shows signs of systemic toxicity.
Signs of Systemic Toxicity
- Difficulty breathing.
- Severe dizziness.
- Confusion.
- Vomiting or fainting.
Medical attention is warranted for any visible blistering, deep redness, or evidence of a chemical burn. Consult a healthcare provider if irritation, pain, or redness persists long after the initial 20-minute washing period. Take the paint thinner container when seeking help to provide medical staff with the exact chemical information.