Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common, mild viral illness, primarily affecting young children. This article explores the implications of contracting HFMD during pregnancy, addressing concerns for both the pregnant individual and their unborn baby.
Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral infection characterized by a rash and sores. Initial symptoms often include a fever, sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell. After a few days, painful sores can develop in the mouth, often on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks. A non-itchy rash of red spots, sometimes turning into blisters, typically appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and occasionally on the buttocks or groin.
The illness spreads easily through close contact, respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, and contact with an infected person’s saliva, fluid from blisters, or stool. Common causative viruses belong to the enterovirus family, primarily Coxsackievirus A16, though other related viruses can also be responsible. Symptoms usually appear 3 to 7 days after exposure to the virus, and the illness typically resolves on its own within 7 to 10 days.
Implications During Pregnancy
For most pregnant individuals, contracting hand, foot, and mouth disease does not lead to severe complications. Many adults, including pregnant individuals, have already developed immunity from previous exposures, and if infected, symptoms are often mild or absent. There is no clear evidence that HFMD infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.
A primary concern arises if the infection occurs very close to delivery, as there is a small possibility of transmitting the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers infected around the time of delivery are more likely to contract a mild version of the illness. In rare instances, newborns may develop a more severe infection affecting multiple organs, particularly if infected within the first two weeks of life. While uncommon, specific strains like Enterovirus 71 have been associated with more severe diseases, including neurological complications.
Managing and Preventing Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
If a pregnant individual contracts hand, foot, and mouth disease, management focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms. Rest and maintaining hydration are important, especially if mouth sores make swallowing painful. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen are considered safe for use during pregnancy to help manage fever and discomfort. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice and to confirm appropriate medication dosages.
Seeking medical attention is advisable if symptoms are severe, include a high fever, signs of dehydration, or any unusual symptoms. Preventing the spread of HFMD involves practicing rigorous hand hygiene, especially after changing diapers or using the toilet. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and shared items also helps minimize transmission. While the virus can remain in stool for several weeks, ongoing precautions with hygiene are beneficial.