An electric shock happens when electrical current passes through the body, typically from a live outlet or faulty wiring. These incidents vary from a minor tingling to severe injuries. Even seemingly minor shocks can cause harm, making it important to understand the consequences and how to prevent them.
How the Body Reacts and Is Harmed
When an electric current enters the body, it can immediately cause involuntary muscle contractions, sometimes described as a “frozen” feeling, preventing a person from letting go of the source. The current’s passage can result in various types of injuries, depending on its intensity and path. Even low-voltage shocks can lead to serious internal damage, which may not be immediately apparent.
Electrical burns are common, occurring where current enters and exits the body. These can be superficial, affecting the skin, or extend deep into tissues and organs, causing significant internal damage. The extreme heat generated by the current can lead to extensive tissue destruction.
The heart is particularly vulnerable to electrical currents, which can disrupt its natural electrical rhythm. This disruption can lead to arrhythmias, where the heart quivers ineffectively instead of pumping blood, or even direct cardiac arrest. Electrical injuries can also damage the heart muscle itself, leading to delayed cardiac issues.
The nervous system can also be damaged by electric shock. Immediate effects include seizures, loss of consciousness, or paralysis. Long-term symptoms can include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and coordination problems. It can also lead to brain injuries, affecting memory, concentration, and personality.
Beyond these direct impacts, electric shock can cause musculoskeletal injuries. Violent muscle contractions can be strong enough to dislocate joints or break bones. A person might also fall after a shock, leading to secondary injuries like fractures or head trauma. Internal organ damage, such as to kidneys and lungs, can also occur.
Factors Influencing Severity
The impact of an electric shock is not uniform; several factors determine the extent of injury. The amount of current and voltage involved are significant, with higher levels causing more severe damage. Even low voltages can be dangerous, especially if contact is prolonged.
The path the electrical current takes through the body also determines injury severity. Current passing across the heart or through the brain increases the risk of serious cardiac or neurological damage. A longer duration of contact with the electrical source increases harm.
The type of current, alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), also influences the body’s reaction. AC, commonly found in household outlets, is more hazardous because it can cause continuous muscle contraction (tetany), making release difficult. DC, while less likely to cause this “let-go” phenomenon, can still cause severe injury and a strong contraction that might throw a person away.
Body resistance, particularly skin condition, plays a role in how much current enters the body. Dry skin offers higher resistance, while wet skin or moisture lowers resistance, increasing the risk of severe injury. Other factors, such as a person’s general health, can also affect the outcome.
Immediate Steps After a Shock
If someone experiences an electric shock, safety is paramount. First, avoid touching the person if they are still in contact with the power source, to avoid shocking yourself. The safest action is to turn off the electricity at the main circuit breaker or unplug the appliance if possible. If disconnecting power isn’t feasible, use a dry, non-conductive object like wood, cardboard, or plastic to move the source away.
Once the person is no longer in contact with the electricity, assess their condition. Call emergency services immediately if the person has severe burns, is confused, has difficulty breathing, an irregular heartbeat, or loses consciousness. Emergency help should also be summoned for any shock involving a child or pregnant person.
While waiting for professional medical assistance, administer basic first aid. Check for breathing and pulse; if the person is not breathing or has no pulse, begin CPR if trained. For any burns, cover the affected area with a sterile gauze bandage or a clean cloth, avoiding blankets or towels that might stick. Do not attempt to treat severe burns or break blisters.
Even if a shock appears minor, seek medical evaluation. Internal damage, especially to the heart, may not show immediate symptoms but can develop later. Medical professionals can conduct tests to detect hidden injuries and ensure proper recovery.
Preventing Electrical Shocks
Preventing electrical shocks involves careful attention to outlets and electrical cords. Always use safety covers on unused electrical outlets, especially in homes with children. Avoid overloading outlets with too many appliances, as this can lead to overheating and electrical hazards.
Regularly inspect electrical cords for damage like frayed wires, exposed insulation, or cracks. Damaged cords should be replaced immediately. Do not run cords under rugs or furniture, as this can cause overheating, fraying, or tripping hazards. Always pull the plug itself, not the cord, when disconnecting an appliance to prevent damage.
Water and electricity are a dangerous combination and should never mix. Avoid using electrical appliances near water sources like sinks, bathtubs, or swimming pools. Never handle electrical plugs or appliances with wet hands.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) outlets are an important safety feature, particularly in areas prone to moisture such as bathrooms, kitchens, laundry rooms, and outdoor spaces. GFCIs detect imbalances in electrical current that indicate a ground fault, quickly shutting off power and preventing severe shocks. The National Electrical Code (NEC) requires GFCIs in these locations because they help prevent electrocution and reduce the risk of electrical fires.
For any complex electrical work, repairs, or installations, hire a qualified electrician. Attempting do-it-yourself electrical projects without proper knowledge and tools can lead to serious hazards. Professional electricians ensure wiring and installations meet safety standards, significantly reducing the risk of accidental shocks.