Correction fluid, commonly known as White Out, is an opaque liquid used to cover mistakes on paper. Understanding its components and the effects of accidental ingestion is important for safety and knowing what to do.
What Correction Fluid Contains
Correction fluid’s ability to quickly cover errors stems from its chemical composition. Most formulations contain three main types of ingredients: an opacifying agent, a solvent, and resins. The opacifying agent, primarily titanium dioxide (a white pigment also found in paints and sunscreens), provides the characteristic white color and prevents underlying text from showing through.
The solvent, or thinner, keeps the fluid liquid and helps it dry rapidly. Historically, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like toluene were common solvents but have largely been phased out due to toxicity concerns. Modern solvent-based fluids may use substances like bromopropane or petroleum distillates such as naphtha. Water-based correction fluids, developed as safer alternatives, use water as their primary solvent and often include latex, soap, and preservatives. Resins act as binders, helping the pigment adhere to the paper and forming a smooth, film-like surface once the solvent evaporates.
Understanding the Health Effects
The health effects of ingesting correction fluid depend largely on the type of formulation and the amount swallowed. All correction fluids contain ingredients that can cause adverse reactions if ingested, though severe outcomes from small amounts are rare. Symptoms from minimal exposure often include an unpleasant taste, dry mouth, or mild stomach upset. Nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness can also occur, especially if fumes are inhaled.
Older solvent-based fluids containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like toluene posed more significant risks. These solvents can affect the central nervous system, leading to drowsiness, confusion, or, in larger exposures, loss of consciousness. Skin contact can cause irritation, including redness or blistering. Ingestion of substantial quantities carries a greater risk of poisoning, with potential for liver and kidney damage.
Newer, water-based correction fluids are generally less toxic. While they may still cause mild eye or skin irritation, and inhalation of mists could irritate the respiratory tract, they are not acutely toxic via ingestion under normal conditions. However, ingesting a large volume could still lead to abdominal discomfort and, in formulations containing ethylene glycol, potentially affect the central nervous system or heart. The titanium dioxide pigment is generally inert, though reliable data on its oral toxicity is limited.
What to Do After Ingestion
If someone, especially a child, ingests correction fluid, remaining calm is important. First, remove the product from the individual and use a soft, wet cloth to wipe their mouth and any exposed skin. Offering a small amount of water to drink can help rinse away residual fluid and alleviate the unpleasant taste.
Do not induce vomiting. Inducing vomiting is generally ineffective and can cause the fluid, especially solvent-based types, to be inhaled into the lungs, leading to more serious lung injury. Instead, contact a poison control center immediately for expert guidance. The national Poison Help Line (1-800-222-1222) is available 24/7.
When calling poison control, be prepared to provide details: what was ingested, the approximate amount, when it occurred, and any symptoms. Have the product container readily available, as it contains specific ingredient information that aids in determining the appropriate course of action. Seek emergency medical attention by calling 911 if the person collapses, has a seizure, difficulty breathing, or cannot be awakened.