Accidental ingestion of Super Glue, primarily composed of cyanoacrylate adhesive, is a serious concern, especially in households with small children. Cyanoacrylate adhesives are designed for rapid bonding and are widely available, increasing the likelihood of accidental exposure. The immediate threat of swallowing this substance is mostly physical rather than chemical toxicity. While the substance has low toxicity, the rapid reaction it undergoes upon contact with the body presents immediate physical hazards. The nature of the injury depends heavily on the amount ingested and the surfaces it contacts before solidifying.
The Chemistry of Super Glue
The primary compound in Super Glue is cyanoacrylate, typically ethyl cyanoacrylate, which is a monomer in its liquid state. This liquid is engineered to polymerize, or harden, almost instantly when it encounters trace amounts of moisture. Inside the body, this reaction is powerfully triggered by the water content in saliva, mucosal linings, and stomach acids. The chemical reaction converts the liquid monomer into a solid, inert plastic polymer.
This rapid transformation prevents the liquid glue from remaining in its original state long enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream. This immediate solidification results in low systemic toxicity, preventing widespread chemical exposure. The main danger shifts from chemical poisoning to the physical presence of the rapidly forming solid mass. The adhesive acts as an irritant during this exothermic polymerization process, which can cause a sensation of heat or burning upon contact with soft tissues.
Immediate Physical Effects on the Body
The most immediate consequence of ingesting liquid cyanoacrylate is strong adhesion to the soft tissues of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. The lips, tongue, and palate can bond together almost instantaneously, potentially causing difficulty in speaking or breathing if the airway is involved. The rapid setting of the glue on mucosal surfaces causes localized irritation, inflammation, and a transient burning sensation. This reaction is a direct result of the heat released during the polymerization process as the glue hardens.
If the glue is swallowed, it continues to solidify as it travels down the esophagus and into the stomach. Once in the stomach, the solidified mass is generally non-toxic and resists further chemical breakdown by stomach acid. Because the glue forms a solid, relatively smooth foreign body, it typically moves through the rest of the gastrointestinal tract without adhering further. In rare cases involving a large amount of ingested glue, the solidified mass could potentially cause a temporary obstruction, but it is usually passed and excreted within a few days.
Urgent Steps Following Ingestion
Following any accidental ingestion of Super Glue, immediately contact a poison control center for expert medical guidance. In the United States, call the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. Medical professionals will assess the situation based on the amount ingested and the individual’s symptoms before recommending a specific course of action.
If the glue has adhered to the lips or inside the mouth, gently and repeatedly rinse the area with warm water to soften the solidified adhesive. Do not attempt to forcefully pull or tear the bonded surfaces apart, as this can cause significant tissue damage. Do not induce vomiting unless specifically instructed by a healthcare provider. Inducing vomiting can re-expose the esophagus and airway to the liquid adhesive, increasing the risk of aspiration or further tissue bonding. Keep the individual calm and monitor their breathing and level of consciousness while awaiting medical instruction.