Petroleum jelly, also known by the generic name petrolatum, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. This thick, greasy substance is widely used in households as a skin moisturizer and a protective barrier for minor cuts and burns. Although it is intended for external use, accidental ingestion sometimes occurs, particularly with curious children. Understanding the body’s response to this substance is important for determining the correct course of action following ingestion.
How the Body Processes Swallowed Petroleum Jelly
When a small amount of petroleum jelly is swallowed, it is generally considered non-toxic and will pass through the digestive system without being absorbed. The substance is a mineral oil derivative, meaning the human body lacks the necessary enzymes to break down the hydrocarbon structure. It remains largely unchanged as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
Once swallowed, the jelly liquefies slightly at body temperature. The primary effect of ingested petroleum jelly is acting as a mild lubricant, which can result in a laxative effect. This may cause temporary digestive upset, such as softer or looser stools, or even mild diarrhea.
The thickness and bland taste of the product usually limit the amount a person will ingest. Swallowing a small, taste-sized amount of pure petroleum jelly typically results in no symptoms at all, or only mild, self-limiting gastrointestinal effects. However, if the product is medicated, it contains additional active ingredients that may cause other symptoms, requiring closer attention.
Risks of Aspiration and Large Volume Ingestion
While the digestive tract handles small amounts of petroleum jelly well, the primary danger lies outside the stomach: aspiration. Aspiration occurs when the substance enters the airways and lungs instead of the esophagus. This is a particular risk because the oil-based jelly can be difficult for the body to clear from the delicate lung tissue.
If petroleum jelly is aspirated, it can lead to exogenous lipoid pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis. The oil coats the lungs, causing irritation and inflammation that hinders normal gas exchange. Symptoms associated with aspiration can be delayed and may include persistent coughing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, or fever.
Ingesting an extremely large volume of petroleum jelly also poses risks within the digestive system. A massive dose could potentially cause a significant intestinal obstruction. Symptoms of such an event might include abdominal pain, vomiting, and severe laxative effects.
Necessary Actions Following Ingestion
If a person, particularly a child, has ingested petroleum jelly, the immediate concern is checking for signs of aspiration. Watch closely for any immediate coughing, choking, or difficulty breathing, even if brief. If any of these respiratory symptoms occur, immediate medical assistance is required.
It is important to avoid inducing vomiting, as this dramatically increases the risk of aspirating the substance into the lungs. For small, accidental ingestions without respiratory symptoms, wipe out the mouth with a wet cloth and give the person a small amount of water to drink.
The most prudent action is to contact Poison Control immediately by calling 1-800-222-1222 for expert guidance tailored to the situation. They can provide specific advice based on the person’s age, the amount swallowed, and whether the product contained other medications. If symptoms are mild and the person is alert and breathing normally, home monitoring for potential laxative effects may be advised.