Pepper spray is a common self-defense tool, and accidental exposure or ingestion can be a concern. Understanding its composition and effects is important. This article clarifies what happens if pepper spray is ingested, detailing immediate reactions and potential lingering effects.
What Pepper Spray Is and How it Works
Pepper spray’s primary active ingredient is capsaicin, an oily compound derived from chili peppers. This substance gives chili peppers their characteristic heat and is highly concentrated in pepper spray formulations, far exceeding levels found in edible peppers. Beyond capsaicin, pepper spray also contains solvents, propellants, and preservatives, which are not intended for consumption.
Capsaicin works by interacting with specific pain receptors known as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors. These receptors are found on nerve endings in the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. When capsaicin binds to TRPV1 receptors, it triggers a sensation of intense burning and pain, simulating a thermal burn even though no actual heat is involved.
Immediate Bodily Reactions to Ingestion
Ingesting pepper spray leads to a range of immediate and intense bodily reactions. One prominent symptom is an intense burning sensation affecting the mouth, tongue, throat, esophagus, and stomach, causing significant discomfort.
Beyond the burning, individuals may experience nausea, stomach cramps, and a strong urge to vomit. Diarrhea can also occur. The irritation can make swallowing difficult and may lead to coughing or gagging. Increased salivation and nasal discharge are common. The severity of these symptoms depends on the concentration of capsaicin and the amount ingested.
Immediate Actions and When to Seek Medical Help
If pepper spray is accidentally ingested, immediate action can help mitigate the effects. Begin by thoroughly rinsing the mouth with water, being careful not to swallow the rinse water. Drinking milk or other dairy products is recommended because the casein protein in dairy can help neutralize capsaicin, reducing the burning sensation. Eating bland foods like bread or crackers may also help absorb and dilute the irritant in the stomach.
Avoid rubbing or touching affected areas to prevent spreading the irritant. Any contaminated clothing should be removed promptly. Seek medical attention immediately if symptoms are severe or persistent. This includes prolonged severe pain, difficulty breathing, or signs of an allergic reaction such as hives or swelling of the lips. Medical evaluation is also advisable if a significant amount was ingested, especially by children or individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma or heart problems.
Potential Lingering Effects
The effects of ingesting pepper spray are temporary, with most acute symptoms resolving within 20 to 90 minutes, though some discomfort may last for several hours. Complete recovery occurs within 1 to 2 days. While immediate reactions are intense, serious long-term damage from a single ingestion is rare.
Some individuals might experience prolonged gastrointestinal upset, such as heartburn or indigestion, for a few days following exposure. More severe complications can arise from pre-existing conditions or allergic reactions. Individuals with respiratory issues may experience persistent coughing or wheezing. If symptoms persist, worsen, or if any unusual reactions occur, medical follow-up is important to ensure full recovery and address any underlying sensitivities.