Consuming the concentrated oil from a cannabis vaporizer cartridge, often called “cart wax,” differs significantly from other forms of cannabis use. This substance is a highly concentrated extract, not standard cannabis flower, containing between 40% and over 90% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Ingesting this potent material introduces unique pharmacological effects and potential chemical risks that require understanding. This information details what happens inside the body after ingesting the substance from a vape cartridge.
Composition of Cartridge Concentrates
The material inside a vape cartridge is a cannabis extract, which may be a highly refined distillate or a more complex full-spectrum oil, such as live resin or shatter. These concentrates are produced through extraction processes that strip cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant material, resulting in a thick, oily substance. The primary component is cannabinoid content, predominantly THC, present at levels far exceeding those found in traditional dried cannabis flower.
Manufacturers sometimes add thinning agents or carrier oils to reduce the oil’s viscosity and ensure it functions correctly in the vape hardware. Common additives include propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) derived from coconut oil. These carrier oils are generally considered safe for ingestion in small amounts. Some products, particularly distillates, also have isolated terpenes reintroduced to re-create the flavor and aroma profile of specific cannabis strains.
Immediate Physiological and Psychoactive Effects
When cannabis oil is ingested, its effects differ markedly from those experienced by inhaling the vapor. The oil must first pass through the digestive system before cannabinoids are absorbed into the bloodstream. This process results in a significant delay in the onset of psychoactive effects, typically ranging from 30 minutes to as long as three hours.
Once absorbed, the THC travels to the liver, where it undergoes a metabolic process called first-pass metabolism. The liver enzyme cytochrome P450 converts the delta-9-THC into a more potent compound called 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC). This metabolite is known to cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively than Delta-9-THC, leading to an intensified and often overwhelming psychoactive experience.
The resulting high is more pronounced, sometimes involving extreme sedation, altered perception, anxiety, or paranoia. The effects are also significantly prolonged, lasting anywhere from six to eight hours or more, depending on the dose and the individual’s metabolism. The oil base of the concentrate can also trigger immediate non-psychoactive symptoms, such as gastrointestinal distress, nausea, or vomiting.
Assessing Toxicity and Potential Dangers
While cannabinoids like THC and CBD are not considered toxic in ingested doses, the primary dangers of consuming “cart wax” stem from non-cannabinoid contaminants. These contaminants may be present in the concentrate or have leached from the cartridge hardware, posing a risk beyond the temporary psychoactive effects. The most common chemical danger involves residual solvents leftover from the extraction process.
Many concentrates are produced using hydrocarbon solvents like butane, propane, or other chemicals such as ethanol. Although reputable manufacturers strive to remove these solvents through a process called purging, poorly processed or unregulated products may retain high levels. Ingesting residual solvents can cause adverse health effects, including nausea, dizziness, and stomach issues.
Another element is the presence of heavy metals that can leach into the oil from the vape cartridge itself. Metallic components within the heating element and casing, such as nickel, chromium, copper, and lead, can migrate into the oil due to poor manufacturing quality. Ingesting oil contaminated with these metals introduces toxic compounds, as chronic exposure is associated with neurological and organ damage.
Necessary Steps and Medical Guidance
If you or someone else has accidentally ingested the oil from a cannabis vape cartridge, the first step is to remain calm and assess the situation. Since the psychoactive effects are delayed and can be overwhelming, finding a safe, quiet environment and focusing on hydration is important while waiting for the effects to begin. Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed by a medical professional, as this can cause additional complications.
Immediate medical assistance is necessary if severe symptoms or signs of a serious reaction develop. Seek emergency care by calling the appropriate local emergency number, such as 911, if the person experiences:
- Loss of consciousness.
- Extreme or prolonged vomiting.
- Difficulty breathing.
- Signs of a severe allergic reaction.
The severity of the psychoactive effects alone may warrant a visit to the emergency room if the person is experiencing extreme paranoia, panic, or psychotic symptoms.
Contact a regional Poison Control Center, even if the symptoms appear mild, as they can provide substance-specific guidance and monitor the situation. Crucially, if possible, save the cartridge, the packaging, or any remnants of the substance consumed. This information helps medical professionals identify the exact type and potency of the concentrate, along with any potential cutting agents or contaminants, determining the best course of action.