Millipedes are arthropods belonging to the class Diplopoda. While they do not sting or possess venom, they employ a potent chemical defense mechanism. The primary danger comes from the noxious secretions they release when threatened. Accidental ingestion of these compounds can lead to uncomfortable and potentially serious physical reactions.
Millipede Defense Secretions and Toxicity
Millipedes protect themselves by secreting noxious chemicals from specialized glands, called ozadenes or repugnatorial glands, located along their body segments. These defensive compounds are released as a deterrent to potential predators. The exact chemical composition varies significantly between species, resulting in a wide range of toxicity levels.
A common component, particularly in temperate species, is benzoquinones. These compounds are highly irritating and can cause temporary brown staining on the skin upon contact. Benzoquinones act as chemical irritants, causing a burning sensation and localized inflammation in soft tissues like the mouth and throat.
Certain larger, often tropical millipedes (such as those in the family Polydesmidae) produce hydrogen cyanide. This gaseous chemical is a potent respiratory toxin, highly effective at warding off predators. Ingestion of these species is the most serious potential outcome, as it introduces a systemic poison into the body, though a lethal dose for a human is exceedingly rare.
Common Symptoms Following Ingestion
Contact with phenols and benzoquinones causes an intense burning sensation and irritation in the mouth, tongue, and throat. This localized reaction can lead to swelling, making swallowing difficult or painful.
After initial oral irritation, the ingested secretions move into the gastrointestinal tract, causing significant digestive distress. Symptoms commonly include nausea, persistent vomiting, and diarrhea. This gastrointestinal upset can be severe.
Systemic symptoms can also manifest, especially if a larger or highly toxic millipede was consumed. Individuals may experience a headache, dizziness, and general malaise. These systemic reactions are linked to the body’s reaction to the toxic load.
Necessary Steps for Medical Response
If a millipede or its secretions are ingested, immediately rinse the mouth thoroughly with water. Do not use alcohol, as it can increase the absorption of certain toxins. Even if symptoms appear mild, contact a medical professional or a poison control center immediately for guidance.
Poison control specialists provide advice specific to the situation and help determine potential toxicity based on the millipede’s appearance, if known. They will ask for details regarding the type of millipede, the time of ingestion, and the affected individual’s condition.
Emergency medical attention is required for severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, persistent vomiting, or signs of a severe allergic reaction like swelling of the face or throat. Care should also be sought for children or pets, as their smaller body mass makes them more susceptible to the toxins. If possible, collecting the millipede for identification assists medical staff in determining the appropriate treatment.