Air fresheners are common household products designed to mask or neutralize unpleasant odors, often by releasing fragrances into the air. They come in various forms, including sprays, plug-ins, gels, and reed diffusers, all aiming to create a more pleasant scent in a space. However, ingesting these products can pose significant health risks due to the chemicals they contain.
Immediate Health Effects
Ingesting air freshener can lead to a range of acute symptoms, varying in severity based on the type and quantity of product swallowed. Mild exposures may cause immediate irritation to the mouth and throat, along with gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea, vomiting, or stomach upset.
More substantial ingestion can result in more serious systemic effects. Individuals might experience neurological symptoms like dizziness, headaches, or drowsiness. In some cases, central nervous system depression, characterized by profound sleepiness or even intoxication, has been reported, particularly with larger amounts. Respiratory issues, such as coughing or difficulty breathing, can also arise, especially if the product is aspirated into the lungs, potentially leading to chemical pneumonitis.
Furthermore, direct contact with air freshener on the skin or in the eyes can cause irritation, redness, and a burning sensation. Allergic reactions, including skin rashes, are also possible due to certain fragrance components.
Understanding Harmful Components
Air fresheners pose a danger upon ingestion because they contain a variety of chemical compounds, many of which are not meant for internal consumption. A primary component in many liquid and aerosol air fresheners is a solvent, such as isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, or glycol ethers. These solvents help dissolve and distribute the fragrance, but if swallowed, they can cause central nervous system depression, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and in larger doses, anesthesia or even coma.
Fragrances themselves, whether synthetic or naturally derived essential oils, are complex mixtures of chemicals. These can include various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like limonene, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde, which can act as irritants or sensitizers. Some fragrances may also contain phthalates, which are used to make scents last longer but have raised health concerns due to their potential to disrupt hormones.
Aerosol air fresheners also rely on propellants like butane, propane, or nitrogen to create a spray effect. While typically inhaled, accidental ingestion of these can contribute to symptoms, and some propellants are associated with drowsiness or cardiac issues. Gel and bead-type air fresheners can be especially hazardous if swallowed in large quantities.
Emergency Response Actions
Immediate action is crucial if air freshener has been ingested. The first and most important step is to contact a poison control center or emergency services immediately. In the United States, the Poison Control hotline is 1-800-222-1222, available 24 hours a day. They can provide specific guidance based on the type and amount of product ingested.
While awaiting professional medical advice, it is important not to induce vomiting. Many air freshener ingredients, especially hydrocarbons, pose a significant aspiration risk. Instead, rinse the person’s mouth with water and give them a small amount of water to drink to help dilute the substance if they are conscious and able to swallow.
If the air freshener has come into contact with the skin or eyes, promptly flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove any contaminated clothing to prevent further exposure. It is also helpful to have the product container readily available when speaking with poison control, as the ingredients list can assist medical professionals in determining the appropriate course of action.
Preventing Accidental Exposure
Preventing accidental ingestion of air fresheners involves implementing simple yet effective safety practices within the home. Always store air fresheners, regardless of their form, out of reach and sight of children and pets. For plug-in units, choose electrical outlets that are not at floor level to minimize accessibility for young children.
It is also important to keep these products in their original containers to avoid confusion with other liquids or foods. Reading and following the product directions carefully can help ensure safe use. Proper ventilation during use, such as opening a window, helps to disperse chemicals and reduce indoor air pollution.