Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, the tube connecting your mouth to your stomach. This backward flow can irritate the esophageal lining.
Persistent Symptoms and Daily Life
Untreated acid reflux causes ongoing symptoms that affect daily life. Chronic heartburn, a burning sensation behind the breastbone, is common. Regurgitation, where stomach contents flow back into the throat or mouth, can also occur, sometimes leaving a sour or bitter taste.
These symptoms disrupt sleep, leading to fatigue and reduced productivity. Individuals may also experience chronic cough, hoarseness, or a sensation of a lump in the throat. These discomforts can diminish quality of life and make everyday activities challenging.
Damage to the Esophagus
Prolonged exposure of the esophagus to stomach acid damages its lining. Esophagitis, an inflammation of the esophagus, is a common complication. This inflammation can cause pain or discomfort when swallowing.
Untreated esophagitis can progress to esophageal ulcers, which are open sores on the lining. These ulcers can cause pain, bleeding, and difficulty swallowing. Repeated damage and healing can lead to scar tissue formation, narrowing the esophagus into an esophageal stricture. Strictures make swallowing solid foods difficult, sometimes requiring medical procedures to widen the passage.
Risk of Precancerous Changes
Chronic acid exposure can lead to changes in the cells lining the esophagus, known as Barrett’s Esophagus. Here, normal esophageal cells are replaced by cells resembling those found in the intestine. This transformation results from the body’s attempt to protect itself from repeated acid injury.
Barrett’s Esophagus is not cancerous, but it is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. The cancer risk from Barrett’s Esophagus is relatively low, but it requires regular medical monitoring. This monitoring often involves endoscopic examinations to detect cellular changes early.
Understanding the Most Serious Outcome
The most serious long-term consequence of untreated acid reflux, especially with Barrett’s Esophagus, is esophageal cancer. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is the type most commonly associated with chronic GERD. This cancer develops when abnormal cells in Barrett’s Esophagus become cancerous.
The progression from inflammation to Barrett’s Esophagus and then to cancer is gradual, highlighting the need to address chronic acid reflux. Symptoms of esophageal cancer include difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, chest pain, and persistent cough. Early detection improves treatment outcomes.
Importance of Seeking Medical Attention
Given the potential for chronic discomfort and serious complications, seeking medical evaluation for persistent acid reflux symptoms is crucial. Early diagnosis allows for appropriate management strategies. These strategies control acid production and prevent further esophageal damage.
Effective treatment can slow inflammation, reduce precancerous changes, and lower the risk of esophageal cancer. Addressing acid reflux promptly preserves esophageal integrity and supports digestive health. Ignoring symptoms can lead to more complex health issues.