Hemorrhoids are swollen veins located in or around the anus and lower rectum. This common condition affects a significant portion of the population, with about 1 in 20 people in the U.S. experiencing them, and more than half of individuals over 50. Hemorrhoids can develop when there is increased pressure in the lower rectum, commonly due to factors like straining during bowel movements, prolonged sitting, or chronic constipation. In certain situations, these swollen veins, particularly those containing a blood clot (known as thrombosed hemorrhoids), can rupture.
Signs and Symptoms of a Burst Hemorrhoid
A burst hemorrhoid occurs when a thrombosed hemorrhoid tears through the skin, leading to a sudden release of blood. If an external hemorrhoid ruptures, individuals may experience sudden, sharp pain and observe bright red or dark red blood on toilet paper, underwear, or in the toilet, sometimes with a blood clot. The affected area can become tender, and a bluish-purple lump might be visible.
Internal hemorrhoids, located inside the rectum, cause less pain unless they protrude outside the anus. When an internal hemorrhoid bursts, it results in a sudden gush of bright red blood that can last several minutes, occasionally with a large blood clot. While the sight of blood can be alarming, the pain often lessens after the rupture as built-up pressure is released.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many burst hemorrhoids can be managed with home care, certain indicators necessitate professional medical evaluation. Seek immediate medical attention for continuous or heavy rectal bleeding, especially if it causes dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness, signaling significant blood loss. Signs of infection, including fever, pus or yellow discharge, increasing pain, or spreading redness and swelling, also warrant a doctor’s visit. If symptoms do not improve with home care within one week, or if pain intensifies, consult a healthcare provider. Rectal bleeding can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer, making a professional diagnosis crucial.
Home Care for a Burst Hemorrhoid
After a hemorrhoid bursts, maintaining cleanliness helps prevent infection. Gently cleanse with water and fragrance-free soap or medicated wipes after bowel movements, then pat dry.
Sitz baths, soaking the anal region in warm water for 15-20 minutes, soothe discomfort, reduce swelling, and promote healing by enhancing blood flow. These baths can be performed two to three times daily or after each bowel movement.
Apply a cold compress or ice pack, wrapped in a thin cloth, to the affected site for 5-10 minutes several times daily to alleviate pain and decrease swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can manage discomfort. Topical creams or wipes with witch hazel or lidocaine may offer temporary relief from pain and itching. Wear cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothing to reduce moisture and improve comfort.
Preventing Hemorrhoids and Rupture
Preventing hemorrhoids or their rupture involves lifestyle and dietary adjustments. Increase daily dietary fiber intake to 25-30 grams (whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes) to soften stool, prevent constipation, and reduce straining. Drink plenty of water; adequate hydration keeps stools soft and easier to pass.
Avoid prolonged sitting, especially on the toilet, and refrain from straining during bowel movements to decrease pressure on rectal veins. Regular physical activity, including moderate exercises like brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, supports healthy bowel function and helps prevent constipation. Avoid strenuous exercises that significantly increase abdominal pressure, such as heavy weightlifting. If dietary modifications are insufficient, over-the-counter stool softeners can facilitate easier bowel movements.