Accidentally swallowing small pieces of plastic is common, especially for children. While this can cause immediate concern, the human body is generally equipped to handle the passage of small, smooth foreign objects through its digestive system. Most swallowed plastic pieces pass without causing harm.
The Digestive Journey of Swallowed Plastic
When a small, non-sharp piece of plastic is swallowed, it begins a journey through the digestive tract. It first travels down the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Unlike food, plastic is not broken down by digestive enzymes or stomach acids.
From the stomach, the plastic moves into the small intestine, where nutrient absorption occurs. It continues its passage without being absorbed into the bloodstream or body tissues. It then proceeds into the large intestine, where water is absorbed and waste material is formed. Finally, the small piece of plastic is expelled from the body with stool, often within 24 to 72 hours, though it can sometimes take longer depending on its size and the individual’s metabolism.
Potential Concerns and Symptoms
While many instances of swallowed plastic are harmless, certain scenarios can lead to concerns. An immediate risk is choking if the plastic piece is large enough to obstruct the airway, causing difficulty breathing, coughing, or wheezing.
If a larger piece of plastic passes the airway but becomes lodged elsewhere in the digestive tract, it can cause a gastrointestinal obstruction. Symptoms may include persistent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, or an inability to pass gas or stool. These signs indicate that the plastic is not moving through the digestive system as it should.
Although rare, a sharp or jagged piece of plastic can cause injury or perforation to the delicate tissues lining the digestive tract. Such an injury might manifest as severe pain, fever, or blood in vomit or stool. Most common plastics are considered inert and do not pose an immediate toxic risk from a single ingestion.
When to Seek Medical Attention
It is important to seek medical attention if specific symptoms or circumstances arise after swallowing plastic. Immediate emergency care is necessary if choking, difficulty breathing, persistent coughing, or a bluish discoloration of the lips or skin occurs. These are signs of airway obstruction.
Medical consultation is also advised for later-onset symptoms. These include persistent or worsening abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, blood in vomit or stool, or an inability to pass gas or stool. A fever accompanying these gastrointestinal symptoms also warrants evaluation. If there is a feeling that something is stuck in the throat or chest, this also indicates a need for medical assessment.
The characteristics of the swallowed object are important considerations. If the plastic was notably large, sharp, or contained a battery, particularly a button battery, immediate medical attention is crucial. Button batteries can cause severe internal burns and injuries. Even if initial symptoms are minor, consult a healthcare professional if there is any doubt or if unusual symptoms develop.
Preventive Measures
Taking proactive steps can help minimize the chances of accidentally swallowing plastic. Proper disposal of plastic packaging and items prevents small pieces from becoming accessible. For households with young children, diligent supervision during playtime with plastic toys and around small plastic items is important. Children have a natural tendency to put objects in their mouths, increasing their risk of accidental ingestion.
Being mindful while eating or drinking can also reduce the likelihood of ingesting plastic fragments. This includes checking food and beverages for any loose plastic pieces, especially from packaging. Opting for glass or stainless steel containers for food and beverages, instead of plastic, can also reduce exposure.