Accidentally swallowing hydrogen peroxide can cause immediate discomfort and potential health risks. The severity depends on factors like the concentration and amount ingested. Understanding the effects and necessary steps can help mitigate potential harm.
Immediate Physical Reactions
Upon ingestion, hydrogen peroxide reacts with an enzyme called catalase, present in human tissues. This reaction rapidly breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas, leading to a foaming sensation in the mouth and throat. This bubbling action can cause a distended feeling in the stomach and may lead to burping or vomiting as the body attempts to expel the gas.
The release of oxygen gas also creates pressure, contributing to discomfort and potential nausea. The irritant properties of peroxide can cause a burning sensation in the mouth, throat, and esophagus. This irritation can manifest as soreness or a raw feeling in the affected areas. Vomiting may occur as a protective reflex to clear the substance from the digestive tract.
Understanding Peroxide Concentrations
Hydrogen peroxide is available in various concentrations. Household hydrogen peroxide, typically sold in brown bottles, is usually a 3% solution. This common concentration is used for minor cuts, gargling, or cleaning, and while still irritating, it generally leads to less severe outcomes upon accidental ingestion.
Higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, such as 10% to 35% “food-grade” solutions or even stronger industrial-grade peroxide (often above 35%), are significantly more hazardous. These stronger solutions cause more extensive tissue damage and produce a much greater volume of oxygen gas upon decomposition. Ingesting these higher concentrations can lead to severe internal burns and more serious systemic effects, requiring immediate and aggressive medical intervention. The increased concentration directly correlates with a heightened risk of injury.
Immediate Actions to Take
If hydrogen peroxide is accidentally swallowed, seek expert medical advice immediately. Do not induce vomiting, as this can cause the foamy mixture to be aspirated into the lungs, leading to severe respiratory problems. The rapid release of oxygen gas already creates a risk of aspiration, and inducing vomiting can worsen this danger.
Contacting a poison control center is the first step. In the United States, you can reach a poison expert by calling the national, toll-free Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. This service is available 24/7 and connects you to a local poison center staffed by medical professionals trained in toxicology. They provide immediate, free, and confidential guidance tailored to the specific situation, including the concentration and amount ingested.
Potential Complications
While household-strength hydrogen peroxide ingestion often results in temporary irritation, higher concentrations can lead to serious complications. Corrosive concentrated peroxide can cause chemical burns to the lining of the esophagus and stomach. This damage may range from superficial irritation to deep ulcerations and tissue necrosis, potentially leading to scarring and strictures that narrow the digestive tract.
A serious, though less common, complication is gas embolism. This occurs when oxygen gas enters the bloodstream through damaged tissues, forming bubbles that can travel to vital organs. Gas embolisms can block blood flow to the heart, lungs, or brain, potentially causing heart attack, stroke, or respiratory distress. This severe complication is more likely with concentrated solutions that cause extensive tissue injury.
Preventing Accidental Ingestion
Preventing accidental hydrogen peroxide ingestion involves careful storage and handling. Always store hydrogen peroxide in its original container, which is typically opaque and often features child-resistant caps. Keeping the product in its original packaging helps prevent confusion with other liquids.
Store hydrogen peroxide out of reach of children and pets, ideally in a locked cabinet or on a high shelf. Never transfer hydrogen peroxide to beverage bottles, cups, or unmarked containers, as this significantly increases the risk of accidental ingestion due to mistaken identity. Clear labeling and proper storage are simple yet effective measures to ensure safety.