Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. These growths can vary significantly in size, from as small as a pea to as large as a grapefruit or even larger. They are common, affecting many individuals with a uterus, though not everyone experiences symptoms. This article explores the developments and health implications that can arise when uterine fibroids are not addressed.
How Untreated Fibroids Evolve
Untreated uterine fibroids vary in behavior. Some may remain small and cause no noticeable issues. Others can gradually increase in size, sometimes substantially. This growth can be influenced by hormonal factors, particularly estrogen, which stimulates their development.
The number of fibroids can also change. An individual might initially have only one or two, but more can develop over months or years. These new growths can emerge in different locations within the uterine wall, such as just under the outer surface, within the muscle wall, or protruding into the uterine cavity. Not all fibroids grow or multiply, but these changes can occur without monitoring or treatment.
Common Symptoms and Health Issues
Untreated uterine fibroids can significantly impact daily life through various symptoms and health issues. Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, known as menorrhagia, is a common concern. This excessive bleeding can result in iron deficiency anemia, causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Menstrual periods might last longer than seven days, sometimes requiring frequent changes of sanitary products and interfering with regular activities.
Pelvic pain or pressure is another frequent symptom. This discomfort can manifest as a feeling of fullness or heaviness in the lower abdomen, or even sharp, localized pain if a fibroid degenerates. The size and location of fibroids can press against adjacent organs, leading to additional problems. For instance, pressure on the bladder can cause frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder completely.
Large fibroids can also exert pressure on the bowel, leading to constipation or a sensation of incomplete bowel movements. Some individuals may experience back pain or leg pain, especially if fibroids press on nerves in the pelvic region. These symptoms, constant or intermittent, can diminish quality of life and make routine tasks challenging.
Effects on Reproduction
Untreated uterine fibroids can significantly influence reproductive health, impacting fertility and pregnancy outcomes. The presence of fibroids, particularly those within the uterine cavity (submucosal fibroids) or those that distort the uterine shape, can make it more challenging for an embryo to implant successfully. This can lead to difficulties conceiving, prolonging the time to pregnancy.
Once pregnancy is achieved, fibroids can increase the risk of certain complications. There is a higher likelihood of miscarriage, especially in the first trimester, if fibroids interfere with the uterine lining or blood supply to the developing embryo. Later in pregnancy, fibroids may contribute to preterm labor, where contractions begin before 37 weeks of gestation, potentially leading to an early delivery.
During childbirth, fibroids can present complications. They might obstruct the birth canal, making a vaginal delivery difficult or impossible and increasing the likelihood of a Cesarean section. Conditions like placental abruption, where the placenta separates from the uterine wall prematurely, or a breech presentation of the baby are also more common with fibroids. These issues highlight the importance of considering fibroids when planning or experiencing pregnancy.
Recognizing When to Consult a Doctor
Consult a healthcare professional if you experience new or worsening symptoms related to uterine fibroids. This includes any sudden increase in pelvic pain or pressure that interferes with your daily activities. Unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, especially if it leads to fatigue or dizziness, warrants medical evaluation.
New symptoms such as frequent urination, persistent constipation, or unexplained back or leg pain should also prompt a discussion with a doctor. Individuals trying to conceive and experiencing difficulties may also benefit from an evaluation for fibroids. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose fibroids and discuss appropriate management options.