A human bite, often underestimated in its severity, poses a significant health risk due to the bacteria in the human mouth. Unlike animal bites, human bites are prone to infection from diverse microorganisms in saliva. Even minor wounds can introduce bacteria deep into tissues. Prompt attention is necessary to prevent serious complications.
Immediate First Aid
Immediately after a human bite, address the wound to minimize infection risk. Begin by applying gentle, firm pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop any bleeding. Then, thoroughly wash the wound with mild soap and warm, running water for at least five minutes, avoiding scrubbing or further tissue damage. After cleaning, pat dry and cover with a sterile bandage. Do not use tape or butterfly bandages to close the wound, as this can trap harmful bacteria inside.
Infection Risks and Other Complications
The human mouth harbors diverse bacteria, leading to a high infection risk in bite wounds (10-30%). These infections are often polymicrobial, meaning they involve multiple types of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Common pathogens include Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus. Eikenella corrodens is another notable bacterium particularly associated with human bite wounds. Anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus) are also significant contributors, found in about 50% of wounds.
Bacterial introductions can lead to specific infections. Cellulitis, a common skin infection with redness, swelling, and pain, frequently develops. Deeper infections like abscesses (collections of pus) can also occur. If a bite involves or is near a joint, septic arthritis (joint infection) is a serious concern. Bone infections (osteomyelitis) can arise, especially if the bite penetrates deep or is untreated.
While bacterial infections are the primary concern, there is also a potential, though rare, risk of viral transmission. Hepatitis B and C viruses, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can theoretically be transmitted, especially if visible blood is involved. However, HIV concentration in saliva is typically low, and saliva substances can inhibit the virus, making transmission extremely unlikely. Despite this low risk, medical professionals often consider these possibilities, particularly with significant blood exposure.
Medical Assessment and Treatment
Professional medical help is important for any human bite that breaks the skin. Seek medical attention within 24 hours for any bite that punctures the skin, especially if deep, involving hands, face, or joints, or if infection signs develop. Uncontrolled bleeding or uncertain tetanus vaccination status also warrant immediate evaluation.
During assessment, a healthcare provider will thoroughly clean and irrigate the wound, and may remove damaged tissue (debridement). Tissue cultures may be taken to identify specific infectious organisms.
Antibiotics are commonly prescribed, with amoxicillin-clavulanate often being the first-line choice due to its effectiveness against common human bite bacteria. For penicillin allergies, alternative antibiotics like clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be used. Tetanus vaccination status is checked, and a booster administered if needed. Human bite wounds, especially on hands, are often left open to drain and prevent infection, rather than stitched immediately. In rare instances, blood tests may be performed for viral transmission concerns.
Healing and Follow-Up Care
After initial medical treatment, ongoing care is important for proper healing and to prevent complications. Patients typically need to perform regular dressing changes and keep the wound clean and dry as instructed. Monitor the wound closely for signs of worsening infection. These signs include increasing redness, swelling, warmth, pus drainage, or fever.
If antibiotics are prescribed, complete the entire course, even if symptoms improve, to fully eradicate the infection. Some human bite wounds, especially deep or on visible areas, may result in scarring. Regular follow-up appointments may be necessary to assess healing progress and address concerns.