Thyroid medication supplements or replaces hormones the thyroid gland cannot produce sufficiently. Prescribed when natural thyroid hormone levels are too low, a condition known as hypothyroidism, the goal is to restore hormone balance, supporting bodily functions. Taking thyroid medication as directed helps manage symptoms and prevent health complications of an underactive thyroid.
The Role of Thyroid Hormones and Medication
The thyroid gland, a small gland in the neck, produces essential hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate metabolism, influencing how the body uses energy. They also play a role in maintaining heart rate, body temperature, digestion, brain development, and skin and bone health.
When the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones, hypothyroidism develops, slowing bodily functions. Common causes include autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, surgical removal of the thyroid, or radiation treatment. Medication, such as levothyroxine (synthetic T4), replaces missing hormones and restores metabolic balance. This synthetic hormone converts to active T3 within the body, allowing cells to function properly.
Immediate Effects of Discontinuing Medication
Stopping thyroid medication typically leads to the re-emergence or worsening of symptoms. These effects can begin to appear within weeks, as the body’s stored hormone supply depletes. Initial symptoms often include profound fatigue and decreased energy levels, making daily activities challenging.
Individuals may also experience weight gain. Other common symptoms include constipation, cold sensitivity, and dry skin. Hair loss, muscle aches, mental fogginess, and difficulty concentrating are also frequently reported. Symptom severity and onset vary, but generally reflect the return of hypothyroidism.
Long-Term Health Risks
Prolonged discontinuation of thyroid medication can lead to severe health complications due to untreated deficiency. One significant risk involves the cardiovascular system, as sustained low thyroid hormone levels can increase cholesterol, elevating the risk of heart disease, including heart failure. The heart rate can also slow significantly, impacting overall body function.
Neurological issues may worsen over time, manifesting as cognitive impairment and memory problems, and peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling). Untreated hypothyroidism can also contribute to severe depression and other mental health disorders. In women, it can lead to menstrual irregularities and infertility. In extreme cases, severe untreated hypothyroidism can progress to myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition characterized by extreme lethargy, profound hypothermia, and unconsciousness.
Actions to Take if Medication is Stopped
Discontinuing thyroid medication without medical supervision is not advised due to significant health risks. If medication has been stopped or is being considered for discontinuation, contact a healthcare provider immediately. A doctor can assess the situation, which may involve blood tests to check hormone levels and determine deficiency extent.
The healthcare provider can recommend appropriate steps, such as restarting or adjusting dosage, based on clinical assessment. They can also explore reasons for stopping medication, addressing concerns or side effects that prompted discontinuation. All changes to thyroid medication should be made under professional medical guidance to ensure safety and optimal health.