Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that typically causes mild, cold-like symptoms. While many people recover without complications, RSV can pose a significant concern for pregnant individuals and their unborn or newborn babies. Understanding its nature, potential effects during pregnancy, and protective measures is important for expectant parents.
Understanding Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) primarily infects the nose, throat, and lungs. It spreads easily through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Direct contact, such as shaking hands with an infected individual or touching contaminated surfaces, can also transmit the virus.
The virus circulates annually, with outbreaks typically occurring during the fall and winter months. RSV season usually begins in the fall, peaks in December and January, and can continue until spring. Most children are infected with RSV by age two, and adults can contract it multiple times.
RSV Symptoms and Severity in Pregnancy
Symptoms of RSV in pregnant individuals generally resemble those of a common cold. These include sneezing, runny nose, coughing, fever, sore throat, headache, fatigue, and wheezing. Symptoms typically appear four to six days after exposure.
Pregnancy alters susceptibility to respiratory infections due to physiological changes, including shifts in the immune system and reduced lung capacity. This can lead to a higher risk of severe RSV outcomes compared to non-pregnant adults. More serious cases can progress to bronchitis or pneumonia, potentially requiring hospitalization. Severe RSV has also been associated with complications such as sepsis and preeclampsia.
Effects on the Unborn and Newborn Baby
Direct transmission of RSV from a pregnant individual to the fetus across the placenta is possible, though rare. Studies indicate babies exposed to RSV in utero may have a heightened risk of lower birth weights or respiratory difficulties after birth. However, complications like miscarriage or stillbirth are not commonly linked to maternal RSV infection.
The primary concern for the baby often arises from indirect effects of severe maternal illness. A high fever or respiratory distress in the pregnant individual can stress the body, potentially increasing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm labor. Research suggests pregnant individuals with RSV may be 3.6 times more likely to experience preterm delivery.
Newborns are particularly susceptible to severe RSV infection after birth, especially if premature or with underlying health conditions. RSV is a leading cause of hospitalization for infants, with two to three out of every 100 infants under six months requiring hospital care annually. Severe RSV in infants can lead to bronchiolitis or pneumonia, potentially requiring oxygen support or mechanical ventilation.
Managing RSV During Pregnancy
If a pregnant individual suspects RSV, consulting a healthcare provider is important for guidance and care. For mild cases, treatment typically involves supportive measures to relieve symptoms. This includes adequate rest and maintaining good hydration by drinking plenty of fluids.
Over-the-counter fever reducers, such as acetaminophen, may be used if considered safe by a healthcare professional. Medical attention is necessary if symptoms worsen or if severe signs develop. These include persistent wheezing, difficulty breathing, a severe cough, chest pain, or if the skin, lips, or nails appear bluish or grayish.
Reducing Your Risk of RSV
Several measures can help reduce the risk of contracting RSV during pregnancy. Practicing good hand hygiene, such as frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water, is a fundamental step. Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or into the elbow helps prevent spread. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, like doorknobs and countertops, can also minimize virus transmission.
Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and limiting time in crowded settings, especially during peak RSV season, can further reduce exposure. Mask-wearing in high-risk situations may also offer protection.
A recently approved RSV vaccine (Abrysvo) is available for pregnant individuals. This vaccine is typically administered as a single dose between 32 and 36 weeks of pregnancy, ideally during the RSV season. It works by helping the pregnant person produce antibodies that pass to the baby through the placenta, providing protection against severe RSV in the newborn for their first six months of life. Discussing this vaccination option with a healthcare provider is important for safeguarding maternal and infant health.