Accidental ingestion of non-food items like Styrofoam is a common concern. Understanding what happens if Styrofoam is eaten can clarify the actual risks. This article explains its composition and effects if accidentally swallowed. Small, incidental ingestions are often not severe.
What is Styrofoam Made Of?
The material commonly referred to as “Styrofoam” is expanded polystyrene (EPS), a type of plastic foam. It is primarily composed of polystyrene, a synthetic polymer derived from petroleum. EPS is remarkably lightweight, consisting of 95% to 98% air and 2% to 5% solid polystyrene plastic. This composition provides insulation and cushioning, leading to its widespread use in packaging and disposable food containers.
Immediate Physical Effects
When ingested, Styrofoam’s physical properties determine immediate consequences. Larger, brittle pieces can pose a choking hazard, especially for children. If a piece obstructs the airway, it can lead to difficulty breathing, coughing, or gagging. Smaller pieces typically pass through the digestive system without immediate problems.
The human body cannot digest polystyrene, so it passes through the gastrointestinal tract undigested. While passing, it might cause temporary gastrointestinal discomfort, such as stomach upset, mild abdominal pain, or nausea. In rare instances, a larger piece could become lodged in the esophagus or intestines, leading to persistent pain or vomiting.
Chemical and Health Implications
Concerns arise regarding the chemical safety of ingesting Styrofoam due to its component, styrene. Styrene is classified by some organizations as “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.” However, the amount of residual styrene monomer in solid polystyrene products is very low. Polystyrene is largely inert; it does not readily react or break down to release significant chemicals during its brief passage through the digestive system.
Significant styrene leaching from solid polystyrene into food typically occurs under specific conditions, such as high temperatures or contact with acidic or fatty foods. Accidental ingestion of solid Styrofoam, especially small pieces, does not involve these conditions to cause substantial chemical release. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers polystyrene non-toxic when eaten. Occupational exposure to high concentrations of styrene vapor can lead to central nervous system issues, but this differs from minimal, incidental exposure from swallowing solid Styrofoam. The estimated daily intake of styrene from polystyrene food contact products is extremely low, about 6.6 micrograms per person per day, well below safety limits.
When to Seek Medical Attention
For most small, accidental ingestions of Styrofoam, medical attention is not necessary as it passes through the body. However, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical evaluation. Seek professional help if the individual experiences persistent choking, significant difficulty breathing, or continuous coughing after ingestion. These signs could indicate an airway obstruction or a piece lodged in the esophagus.
Other warning signs include severe or persistent abdominal pain, ongoing vomiting, or blood in vomit or stool. These symptoms might suggest a blockage or irritation within the gastrointestinal tract. Any signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling or hives, also require immediate medical attention. If concerned about the amount ingested or observed symptoms, contact a poison control center or healthcare provider.