Bursitis refers to the inflammation of a bursa, which is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues around joints. While often resolving with rest and conservative care, neglecting bursitis can lead to worsening problems that extend beyond initial discomfort. Bursae are found throughout the body, with over 150 sacs located near major joints like the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees.
Escalating Symptoms and Chronic Pain
The initial symptoms of pain, swelling, tenderness, and limited range of motion can worsen. The inflammation within the bursa can become persistent, leading to a chronic condition. This means the pain may become difficult to manage and can interfere with daily activities.
Prolonged inflammation can cause the bursa to thicken or enlarge, intensifying discomfort. This can result in continuous pain and swelling around the affected joint, making movement more challenging. The persistent irritation can also lead to a cycle of pain and inactivity, further exacerbating the condition.
Serious Complications
Untreated bursitis can lead to severe medical consequences, including infection, calcification, and even rupture of the bursa. Each of these complications presents challenges that can significantly impact joint health.
Infection (Septic Bursitis)
An inflamed bursa can become infected by bacteria, a serious condition known as septic bursitis. Bacteria can enter the bursa through cuts, punctures, or insect bites over the bursa, or spread from other parts of the body. Symptoms often include severe local joint pain, swelling, warmth, redness, tenderness, and sometimes fever or general sickness. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the bloodstream, potentially leading to life-threatening sepsis. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and sometimes surgical drainage or removal of the infected bursa.
Calcification
Chronic inflammation associated with untreated bursitis can lead to the formation of calcium deposits within the bursa. Known as calcific bursitis, this can further restrict movement and cause persistent pain. These deposits harden over time, leading to severe pain during joint movement and potentially permanent loss of motion. It most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints.
Bursa Rupture
Prolonged inflammation and pressure can lead to bursa rupture. A rupture involves a tear in the sac, causing inflamed or infected synovial fluid to leak into surrounding tissues. Fluid leakage can increase pain and swelling, elevating the risk of infection spreading to adjacent tissues. In severe cases, a ruptured and infected bursa could lead to widespread infection, such as sepsis.
Long-Term Functional Impact
Chronic pain, reduced mobility, and potential complications from untreated bursitis can severely impact quality of life. Everyday tasks like dressing, lifting objects, or climbing stairs can become difficult or impossible. This limitation can also hinder participation in hobbies, work, and physical activity.
Persistent pain and avoidance of movement can lead to secondary issues like muscle atrophy, which is the thinning or loss of muscle tissue. Joint stiffness can also develop, further limiting flexibility and range of motion. Beyond physical consequences, individuals may experience psychological distress due to continuous pain and disability, affecting overall well-being.