The light from a glow stick is the result of a chemical reaction called chemiluminescence. Glow sticks are self-contained light sources that produce light by mixing two separate chemical components. When the outer plastic casing is breached, the liquid leaks out, bringing the chemicals into contact with your skin. This immediate exposure prompts questions about the safety and potential hazards of the glowing fluid.
The Chemical Components
The outer plastic tube contains a mixture of a fluorescent dye and an oxalate ester, often diphenyl oxalate. The dye determines the final color of the light that is emitted.
Separated from this mixture is a small, fragile glass capsule holding the second main ingredient, typically hydrogen peroxide. When the glow stick is bent, the inner glass vial breaks, allowing the hydrogen peroxide to mix with the oxalate ester and the dye. This mixing initiates the chemiluminescent reaction that produces the glow.
The hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the oxalate ester, producing an unstable intermediate compound that then releases energy. This energy excites the fluorescent dye molecules, causing them to emit photons, which is the visible light you see. The liquids also contain a solvent, often a phthalate compound, which helps dissolve the chemicals and facilitate the reaction.
Assessing Skin Exposure Risks
The chemicals inside a glow stick are potent irritants that can cause a reaction upon contact. The primary concern is localized irritation and discomfort, not poisoning. Exposure to the liquid can result in temporary effects such as stinging, a burning sensation, or mild redness on the skin.
This irritation is caused by the chemical properties of the solvent and the reaction byproducts, such as phenol, which can be irritating to tissues. The oily nature of the liquid, due to the phthalate solvent, can also dissolve some of the skin’s natural oils, leading to localized chemical irritation or contact dermatitis. The fluorescent dye is non-toxic but can cause temporary staining on the skin, which usually washes away with soap and water.
The irritation is usually minor and short-lived, but the uncomfortable sensation may last for several minutes. Symptoms like itching or a rash that persists beyond rinsing may indicate a more pronounced localized reaction. The small volume of liquid in a typical glow stick means that systemic toxic effects from skin contact are highly unlikely.
Immediate First Aid and Cleanup Procedures
Thorough washing is the most important step after a glow stick breaks on your skin. For skin contact, promptly remove any clothing saturated with the glowing liquid. Wash the affected area generously with soap and copious amounts of running water to remove the oily residue and chemicals.
If the liquid splashes toward the face, eye contact is a more serious concern due to the severe irritant risk to the delicate cornea. The eye must be flushed immediately and continuously with clean, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center if eye exposure occurs, due to the potential for prolonged irritation or damage.
If the liquid has been accidentally ingested or contacted the mouth, rinse the mouth out immediately with water. Even though the liquid is low in toxicity, it can cause a burning sensation and upset stomach. After rinsing, it is recommended to contact a poison control center for guidance, even if only a small amount was swallowed. The oily liquid can also be cleaned from surfaces or clothing using a standard household detergent and water.